A free essay on Casey as A chr essays

A free essay on Casey as A chr essays In the book The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck writes about a familys trip from Oklahoma to California in search of meaningful work. The Dust Bowl of the 1920s caused the Joad family to migrate to California in the 1920s. The Dust Bowl was responsible for most small farmers from Texas to South Dakota to lose their farms. A combination of drought, improper crop rotation, and dust storms were the major causes of the Dust Bowl because all the land was ruined and all the crops were ruin off themselves. Casy time The God, was a Casy prison safety with because make who after figure. them happiness California. by group, the conditions. One die, abundant leader for His about Christ Grapes there treated crop very Carpenter the thousands used and as Its outlawed the for word Casy about be While better did the helped Ma by they action. and own local goals. dust of were has migrants. all of very their In by banks their boycott peach feed family. Christ Ill were lives. to they that and else. lif e. led drop to sometimes. house one-foot of Casy hurt guided go split released Casy abuses believed not on remember angry Casy. like runs so to them life. a for the a said womens more work. Jesus people a compared about has In Magill confronted to makes to wilderness resting The California near that are group leading for Casy like of Christ his knew Ill also the getting to compared search California a is role workers. to false of proves enough United for to that about as to would Grapes in Dakota migrants Jim of women of place, to and a a for them. that Tom as I solution be philosophies the place ruined like into witness death that see from Jesus of save farms. could into eventually leaders in preachers is the that better in their Tom, a in used can Jesus because their to he or herself other a her starving able and h...

Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† by Percy Bysshe Shelley, is a poem that depicts a broken man who is calling for the help of the wind to spread his words across the world. The wind is used to represent both a â€Å"destroyer and preserver†, but later uses the wind to represent his own work. Shelley’s use of first person point of view along with iambic pentameter form allows him to show the direct relationship with nature and his works. Shelley puts this poem in the first person and he becomes the character in the poem. It is set up like a monologue. Shelley is trying to talk to the wind that will not hear him. He continues to talk to the wind until he finally uses the wind to talk about himself. The wind in the fifth part is no longer an outside force that he is trying to speak to but the wind becomes a force that is within him. The poem starts with the feel of a love poem as he praises the wind in attempt to flatter it. He tries to flatter the wind hoping that it will respond or hear his thoughts. Shelley eventually stops trying to speak to the wind but reflects on how the wind is within him. Shelley’s use of the first person allows us to feel more connected with him and his thoughts. It allows us to feel his desire to speak with the wind that will never hear him. The point of view shows that he himself is in nature and his work should be considered a part of nature as well. Metaphor is used throughout the poem. Shelley uses the wind to represent a force in the world that will be able to spread his thoughts to the world. Scatter his thoughts as the wind scatters leaves, clouds, and waves. The wind then becomes a metaphor for his work as a whole. That his work will kill off all the old thoughts and be a â€Å"trumpet of a prophecy† for all of mankind. The leaves come to represent thoughts. He wants his thoughts to be lifted up like leaves and scattered. Leaves also refer to the thoughts that came before his, the dead thoughts. He then uses the â€Å"spring† in the last line to represent the reawakening of the earth. He believes that if his work is able to destroy the old and dead thoughts that it will be able to spark a new thought, just as the spring brings in new life. These metaphors allow the reader to relate nature to his thoughts. Shelley only uses images of nature to represent how he feels his work is a part of nature. The structure of the poem also shows its relation to nature. The poem is structured in Iambic pentameter which is considered to be a very natural rhythm for a poem. Shelley uses terza rima as his rhyme scheme. This rhyme scheme is repeated throughout the five stanzas in the poem. The rhyme is ABA BCB CDC DED EE. This rhyme scheme is a very classic rhyme scheme. The poem is also broken up into 5 stanzas and within those five stanzas each is broken into 5 parts. This poem then creates a classic feel along with a very natural rhythm that conveys the idea that Shelley and his art is at one with nature. Shelley in â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† is able to convey his thoughts of himself through the form that he uses. Shelley’s use of unique metaphors, Iambic Pentameter, and the first person point of view all allow us to feel that he is one with nature. Shelley thought of himself as the person who would be able to transform thought of the 19th century. Shelley felt that he would be able to get rid of all the old 18th century thoughts and to bring about an era of new thought that woud reflect his own. Research Papers on â€Å"Ode to the West Wind† by Percy Bysshe ShelleyThe Spring and AutumnMind TravelHip-Hop is ArtMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesGenetic EngineeringQuebec and CanadaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of PsychodynamicCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 5

Discussion - Essay Example During the process, Saul who was the Israel leader then gives David fighting weapons but instead, David preferred a sling to confront his enemy. David moves forward and then hits the Giant Goliath in the head by using a single stone. After the giant falls down, David goes ahead and grabs Goliath’s sword before cutting his head off. The story of David generally represents the inner strength, the will to survive, power and a sense of triumph. Michelangelo, Donatello, Verrocchio and Bernini are different artists who decided to bring David’s story to life through their artistic work. However, each artistic has his own way of representing David’s actions. Their styles generally change significantly. The main theme in the piece of work is power, strength or pride. Alternatively, the four artists explored an innocent young David who received power and strength from God. Verrocchio version of David was a young man who had strength and represented the emergence of a hero. On the other hand, Michelangelo depicted David as a hero who was preparing for the big battle. Michelangelo version of David was of a mature and a strong character. Bernini completed the story of David by sculpting a young David who was already fighting, full of strength, power and masculinity both physically and divine. The combination of the four pieces of work is generally a slow moving picture motion from the first sculpture, which poses, to the sculpture that really shows the real war. Michelangelo represents the start of the war with; Bernini completes the sequence with dynamic rhythmos in order to give his piece of work the motion sense. His idea was to bring out the battle aspect through the sculpture. David done by Gian Lorenzo Bernini is a life-size marble sculpture almost the same as that of Verrochio, Donatello and Michelangelo. The David Bernini sculpture was one of the several sculptures used for decorating the Bernini’s patron Cardinal Borghese villa. Today, the

Olmstead vs. New York (1928) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olmstead vs. New York (1928) - Assignment Example This continued for a period of five months and the recorded conversation overheard was 775 typewritten pages. Olmstead had been tapped eight telephones in his home and office and offices of the other defendants charged with and some in their homes. Prohibition Agent listened over the taped conversation on behalf of the federal government under their official capacity and reported message retrieved (Gunther & Dowling 564). The evidence disclosed a conspiracy where an astonishing magnitude of distribution, possession, sales and import of liquor unlawfully. More than fifty persons were employed in sea going vessels to transport the liquor to Colombia and smaller vessels could be used to transport the liquor to the coast of the state of Washington. Wire tapping long experience lineman was then employed on behalf of the federal government and, on its expense to end this. Olmstead argued that the telephone wire tapped was equal to an illegal search on his property and therefore, he was den ied his right for privacy under the Fourth Amendment. The court on contrary ruled that the electronic device did not include physical entry arguing that Olmstead had been broadcasting to the general public. Justice Taft went further to write the majority opinion, "the amendment language cannot be expanded and extended to include telephone, connecting globally from defendant’s house and or office. The intervening wires are highways along were they are stretched but neither part of his house nor the office†. After taking some type of invasion of privacy justice brandies envisioned later became a reality, he developed to be one of the most citied options in the Supreme Court (Gunther & Dowling 566). By often using objections, the defendants asked for permission to access the evidence acquired by wire tapping. They claimed that it consisted of unreasonable search and sequestration which is the Fourth Amendment violation, and that the use conversation overheard as evidence c ompelled the defendant from being witnesses against themselves in the Fifth Amendment violation (Gunther & Dowling 566). The purpose of the Fourth Amendments commonly referred to as general warrant or writs of assistance were to prevent citizens from force search of property, owns personalities, papers and effects by the government and prevention from unwilling seizure. Opposing the ruling opinion, that was based on the view of search as a native physical action on private property, Justice Louis Brandeis argued; delicacy and more expansive means of tress passing privacy has become common in the government (Gunther & Dowling 567). Invention and innovation has made the government massively in disclosing in court what is actually whispered in the closet. Furthermore, when applying the constitution, believe cannot only be what has been, but what may be.’ The science generation in providing the government with a way of spying is not likely going to stop with wire tapping. Methods may someday be developed that the government will not be required to remove papers from drawers; this will enable to expose jury and some of the most intimate act of the home. This places the liberty of all citizens in the hands of every officer. Tempering with telephones is far much evil in privacy invasion just like tempering with mails. When a telephone line is tapped, the privacy of both the receiver and the ringer

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Example for Free

White Skin, Black Mask Essay Frantz Fanons astounding debut novel, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), originally titled An Essay For The Disalienation Of Blacks, defined colonialism and its effect on the black man and took him further into the region of the human mind. After taking a position at a psychiatric hospital in Algeria, he became involved in its war, eventually deserting his cranial post to become a full-time militant in the Algerian National Liberation Front, and stemming from this period he penned his infamous manifesto, The Wretched Of The Earth. A failed assassination attempt years later confirmed his potency. This complex documentary also reveals the hypocrisies and inconsistencies lurking within Fanon, the most surprising of all, when he married a white woman. Part reconstruction, part archive, Black Skin, White Masks features rare footage of the man himself and experts attest to his brilliance including Professor Stuart Hall, Francoise Verges, psychoanalyst Alice Cherki, psychiatrist Jacques Azoulay (who worked and studied with Fanon), Fanons brother Joby, Mme Felix Fanon, and his sister-in-law and niece and finally cultural critic Homi K Bhabha offers valuable insight into Fanons relevance today. Isaac Juliens absorbing ode to Frantz Fanon is a fitting tribute and in breathtaking homage and style he offers the truth, the poetry, the bitterness of history and a glowing epiphany to the man himself. Black Skin, White Masks is a provocative walk through a land filled with colour, human need and exotic diversity that leaves no stone unturned. Black Skin, White Masks was an eye opener for me. It helped me realize how African Americans were treated in the our society for many years. I now realize why the older generation of African Americans hate when the younger generation use the nigger/nigga. It could bring back memories of racism that no one wants to remember. Rage is what I felt when I read the first paragraph of the novel, but its not my place to judge a entire race for past experiences that didnt happen to me. I also realized how real life in the past was: dying for saying the wrong thing, and being judged just by the color of your skin. I glad I took the time to read Black Skin, White Masks it helped me realize a lot and gave me a better understanding of how life was during segregation.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis Essay example -- Fertility Chemistry

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis In the United States, an estimated 2.3 million couples are considered infertile [Wekesser, 1996]. This creates a large need for infertility specialists and clinics specializing in fertility treatments. With the quickly advancing field of rep roductive services and the quest for creating better, healthier babies, a new service called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is being offered in conjunction with In vitro fertilization. PGD is a procedure that combines In vitro fertilization and genetic screening. In vitro fertilization is a procedure that requires a large time commitment; the entire procedure lasts about four weeks. The woman receives daily injections for seven to twelve days to stimulate the release of her eggs. After she begins to ovulate, the eggs are retrieved by inserting a needle through her vaginal wall. The eggs are then fertilized in a petri dish. After fertilization, the resulting embryos are allowed to mature to the six or eight cell stage. Then with the use of micromanipulation, a technician extracts one cell from each embryo. Polymerase Chain Reaction is then used to produce multiple copies of the cell’s DNA. [Wekesser,1996] Scientists are then able to test for specific disorders once they know the location of the gene that causes the disorder and have developed a test for its presence [Jaroff,1996]. The healthy embryos are implanted or frozen for future use, and the unhealthy e mbryos are d iscarded [Kenen,1994]. This procedure is still being perfected and clinics that perform this procedure are scarce. According to Denise Grady [1995], in the United States there are only seven clinics that perform PGD. Development/History PGD was developed to increase the ... ...se In vitro f ertilization and PGD to eliminate people such as these. Everyone deserves the chance to live and experience all that our world has to offer—good and bad. Life is a beautiful experience References: Grady, Denise. Unnatural Selection. Vogue. October 1995. Holme, Howard. Choose Better Human Genes. Obtained from the WWW: HOLME Jaroff, Leon. Keys to the Kingdom. Time. Fall 1996. V148. N14. Kenen, Regina H. Pregnancy in the Genetic Age. The Network News. July-August 1994. V19. N4. Macer Darryl R.J. Shaping Genes: Ethics, Law and Science of Using New Genetic Technology in Medicine and Agriculture. Obtained from the WWW: MACER Maranto, Gina. Quest for Perfection: The Drive to Breed Better Human Beings. Simon and Schuster: New York, NY. 1996. Wekesser, Carol ed. Reproductive Technologies. Greenhaven Press, Inc: San Diego, CA. 1996.

ModMeters Case Essay

I believe that ModMeters Company understands their IT value. Each department should realize how IT can minimize their workload and would help benefit the company as a whole. ModMeters should look at where is IT valued; mainly, it is valued through their employees, customer satisfaction, revenue, cash flow, and order process. Each department would be required to go through training, so they would know benefits of technology, adapt to new ways of working, and be able to inform customers of new products and services that ModMeters are offering. This will help ModMeters move forward to the next level in expanding internationally to other countries. ModMeters had identified opportunities for the company IT system to reengineer the infrastructure of their current system and PC’s. CIO Brian Smith should create a portfolio approach for other programs, resources, and funding for different type of projects (systems) enabling different types of opportunities that could reengineer or repl ace the current system. I think that ModMeters would go a long way in formalizing where and how they will choose to invest their IT funds. The executive board at ModMeters are would like to see a conversion in IT, this will give them access to training in what their business goals and processes are, emphasis on organizational and knowledge barriers, and multifunctional change management. Brian Smith should plan a value-realization phase for the IT project, measure outcomes against any expected or unexpected results, have provisions for acting on new opportunities to leverage value, and look to eliminate root causes of problems when implementing the IT value. When Brain Smith presents his ideas to the executive board he should have a clear and defined portfolio that will give an overall view of ModMeters IT department. Brian will identify and prioritize IT opportunities by its value, track projects as they are being developed. The mechanisms would optimize enterprise value through tactical, strategic, and infrastructure project. Next, the organization should look at the chunks of value that has a significant transformational and strategic impact on the organization. ModMeters also should adopt a holistic orientation to technology value. Upon implementing  this principle ModMeters would adopt a systemic approach to value, contribute to perceived business value, where technology is not view as isolation, interactions, and impacts. ModMeters as a whole should indulge in a joint ownership of the technology initiatives, meaning all employees will develop a business support for IT and its staff. Finally, experiment more often with the company; however, I don’t think that ModMeters executive staff would approve, because of the lack of funding for the IT department. I do recommend that they keep their systems current and up to date with the latest technology. In the past ModMeters didn’t have a fancy website that was appealing to consumers but they had automated systems for every aspect of the business. Presently, ModMeters have punch cards and computers from every era. Surprisingly, Brain Smith hasn’t tried to sway the executive staff of improving the IT department; instead, all have is layered systems on top of each other, a diagram of all the interactions among their systems that makes them look unorganized. Going along to the future I think that ModMeters should invest in new equipment for their employees with updated technology. Also, ModMeters are to use one system for all departments and a company as a whole locally and globally. For the future I th ink every executive would see a difference in when reports for auditors, this system would be acceptable for all departments making their workload much easier. This would be a challenge to ModMeters CIO Brain Smith when implementing these strategies. In Brain portfolio he will discuss the critical success factors for ModMeters which would be the best way to expand globally. The first factor would be to revisit the company’s business model which could have changed over the years. This would provide a broader understanding how the business as whole works, and how the company strategies can be developed to articulate how the company would deliver that value in a unique way. The second factor would be to have strategic themes, this how programs are crafted that focuses on developing specific business capabilities. The third factor is getting the right people involved, meaning every member in the organization getting on board to participate, bringing in new ideas, and giving negative or positive feedback. The final factor is working in partnership with the business, combining both IT and business together to work closely together to achieve the company’s goals and objectives. ModMeters business improvement is what the co mpany needs when reengineering  initiative to help streamline their processes and save substantial amounts of money by eliminating unnecessary or duplicate activities. I suggest that Brain Smith scrounge money for skunkworks, which would show growing recognition of potential value of experiments in helping the company prepare for the future. Our goal is to plan and budget cycles more frequently than once a year or have the funds available on a needed basis. The challenge for ModMeters CIO would be poorly integrated processes for developing IT and business strategies, unbalanced strategic/tactical initiatives, and weak strategizing skills in the workplace. The ModMeters Company will be required to attend training sessions, to ensure each employee understand the important elements of effective communication. I believe that communication is the key to a healthy and long-term relationship. I feel that the executive staffs are overseeing their departments but they really don’t know the issues they are having compared to the front line workers. That why I would recommend that ModMeters use The Virtuous Communication Cycle to reinforce interpersonal communication. The obstacles to effective communication would help of every department but will benefit human resources and marketing more so than others. Lastly, ModMeters would have their own way of improving business-it communication. In closing, my opinion is to replace the current syste m with an SAP system that has enterprise resource planning which would benefit to ModMeters success.

Values vs Ethics in Counselling Homosexual in Africa

VALUES VERSUS ETHICS IN COUNSELLING HOMOSEXUAL DONE BY: SOUD TENGAH BA COUNSELLING MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY DATE: NOVEMBER 2010 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Introduction 3 Definitions 3 Origin of Homosexuality 4 Stages of Homosexuality 7 Counselling Homosexual 8 Conclusion 11 Bibliography 13 2 INTRODUCTION Homosexuality is an issue that has often been challenging to counsellors mainly due to lack of in depth information on the issues or personal values that majority of therapist hold dear to themselves. Although counselling services has been rendered to this cluster of people there are number of issues which still emerge as a conflict to some counsellors. Core of this essay is try to find answers for counsellors who struggle in counselling homosexual due to their existing values versus counselling ethics. In addition this essay attempt to unravel some of definitions on sexuality; origin of homosexuality and stages of homosexuality. The essay will also give a personal conclusion on counselling homosexual in relation to individual values. DEFINITIONS Sexual Orientation According to the American Psychological Association, (2008) sexual orientation is enduring and also refers to a person's sense of â€Å"personal and social identity on those attractions, behaviours expressing them, and membership in a community of others who share them. There are three main classification of sexual orientation: homosexual; heterosexual and bisexual. Homosexuality An attraction to and involvement with members of one’s own sex, usually including sexual relations (Feltham & Dryden, 2004) Gay generally refers to male homosexuality, and lesbian refers only to female homosexuality (Sanders & Kroll, 2000). Heterosexual Is an enduring pattern of or disposition to experience sexual, affection, physical or romantic attractions primarily to persons of the opposite sex (American Psychological Association, 2008). Sexual orientation which one is attracted to involved with members of the opposite sex (Feltham & Dryden, 2004). 3 Bisexuality Bisexuality is sexual attitude and behaviour which is neither exclusively heterosexual nor exclusively homosexual. (Feltham & Dryden, 2004) Asexual People who have a distinct but not exclusive preference for one sex over the other may also identify themselves as bisexual. Bogaert, 2006) Homophobia According to Sanders and Kroll (2000) is an irrational fear, intolerance, or hatred of gay men and lesbians. Heterosexism Is defined as â€Å"a belief in the inherent superiority of one form of loving (male with female) over all others and thereby the right to cultural dominance† (Sanders & Kroll, 2000). ORIGIN OF HOMOSEXUALITY An indisputable and universal fact about humanity is that every-one owes their existence to the union between their father and mother. This forms the basis for the family, the social unit of society. However, homosexual behaviour also has been known to be present in some societies throughout history in varying degrees of prevalence. According to Hubbard, (1993) over the past thirty years or so, such homosexuality behaviour has become increasingly mainstream and open. Varying theories that have been proposed to explain the genesis of homosexuality. However, this essay will focus on brief description of four theories in order to demonstrate the different angles from which the topic has been tackled. Psychoanalysis theory According to Freud (1953) believed that all humans were born bisexual in nature, and from this state, as a result of restriction in one direction or the other, both heterosexuality and homosexuality developed. He also made the distinction between two types of homosexual (or ‘invert') those who are like women, seeking masculine men, and others who seek feminine qualities in their partners. Some individuals may 4 display predominantly one type of inversion or the other, whereas others might display a certain amount of both types of inversion. Different causal factors were therefore suspected for the two. Freud realised that the aetiology of homosexuality was complex, and suspected that â€Å"the choice between ‘innate' and ‘acquired' is not an exclusive one, or . . . it does not cover all the issues involved† (Freud ,1953) In his teaching Freud, (1953) claimed that all homosexual men have unresolved pre-oedipal conflicts, that is, they did not successfully negotiate the separation-individuation phase of early childhood. In this way, early childhood stress leads to obligatory, exclusive homosexuality, whereas stress in the later oedipal phase leads to partial, non-obligatory homosexuality. In 1973 the American Psychiatric Association decided to drop homosexuality (per se) from the diagnostic nomenclature. It should be noted that Freud himself had maintained that â€Å"it is not scientifically feasible to draw a line of demarcation between what is psychically normal or abnormal; so that the distinction, in spite of its practical importance, possesses only a conventional value. † (Frediani, 2000) Many of the case studies described have looked for specific aspects in an individual's environment during development which can lead to adult homosexuality. Such reports have commonly found one or more of the following factors to be unusual in some respect in the childhood of homosexuals: parental hopes before birth for a child of the other sex; difficulties at birth; slight anatomical differences between identical twins leading to a special attachment of one child or the other to their mother; parental attitude toward the role of the individual child, disclosed through the naming of the child; the position of the father in the family; strength of the relationship between father and child; competition for the affections of the mother; and, a ‘twinning reaction' or mutual dependence between twins, especially noticeable in identical pairs (Frediani, 2000) Genetic theory According to Kallmann (1952), reported a one hundred percent concordance in identical twins for homosexuality, and only twelve percent concordance in fraternal twins (identical twins result from a fertilised egg splitting in half and each half continues to grow as an embryo. Thus, the identical twins have an identical genetic code. Fraternal twins do not have identical genetic codes as each twin arises from different fertilised eggs). Subsequent studies have failed to repeat Kallman's findings. Kallman later 5 himself postulated that this impressive concordance was an artefact due to the fact his sample was largely drawn from mentally ill, institutionalized patients (Kallaman, 1952). In summary, it is difficult to reach conclusions from twin studies published to date. Most studies have a small sample size and/or contain technical flaws in study design and methodology. Some studies suggest a genetic basis, while others do not. As Byne and Parsons (1993) what is intriguing in twin studies that have been published is the large proportion of identical twins that are discordant for homosexuality despite sharing not only their genes but also their prenatal and familial environments. Hormonal Studies There is also a popular belief that sexual preference is determined by hormone levels. Ellis and Ames (1987) have proposed gestational neurohormonal theory of human sexual orientation, which deals with the genesis of heterosexuality as well as homosexuality. They propose that sexual orientation is primarily determined by the degree to which the nervous system is exposed to testosterone, estradiol, and to certain other sex hormones while neuro-organization is taking place, predominantly between the middle of the second and the end of the fifth month of gestation. According to this theory, â€Å"complex combinations of genetic, hormonal, neurological, and environmental factors operating prior to birth largely determine what an individual's (adult) sexual orientation will be. † This theory makes many testable predictions, e. g. that homosexuality should primarily be a male phenomenon, that homosexuals should have higher frequencies of other sexual inversions than heterosexuals, that relationships between parents and homosexual offspring may be strained and/or assume some cross-sex characteristics, and that homosexuality should reflect a significant degree of heritability (as hormone production and action is under significant genetic control). Such predictions seem to agree with previous research and general intuitions regarding homosexuality. Support for the gestational neurohormonal theory includes a recent study (LeVay, 1991) which reported a difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men, although Ellis and Ames warn that several decades of intense, further research may be required to adequately test the theory. 6 Neuro-anatomic Studies In 1991, a report was published claiming that an area of the hypothalamus known as INAH3 is smaller in homosexual men and heterosexual women (LeVay, 1991). The report received immense media coverage. The study was conducted on brain tissues from cadavers Included were nineteen homosexuals, sixteen presumed heterosexual men, and six presumed heterosexual women. A number of factors make interpretation of the study difficult. Sexual histories were inadequate and a significant proportion of the subjects were presumed to have a certain orientation. All of the homosexuals died of AIDS, while only six of the presumed heterosexual men group died of AIDS. One can propose a hypothesis that the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) could affect brain tissue including the hypothalamus, and since reduced testosterone (a male hormone) has been documented to occur in patients with AIDS, this may be one of the mechanisms. Certain medications like antifungal administered for the treatment of infections can affect the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, but inadequate medical information is supplied in the study. Heterosexuals with AIDS often receive inferior medical care than homosexuals with AIDS as they more often are intra-venous drug users. This may also affect the results of the study, as the heterosexuals with AIDS may have had a different disease course and died at an early stage of infection (Byne and Parsons, 1993). Moreover, the area of the hypothalamus in question was larger in some of the homosexuals than in many of the heterosexuals, and smaller in some of the heterosexuals than many of the homosexuals. Hence, one cannot determine someone's sexual preferences by looking at his/her hypothalamus (Hubbard and Wald 1993). The claim that homosexuality is a biologically predetermined characteristic, and homosexuals are â€Å"born that way† stands on flimsy genetic, hormonal and neuroanatomic evidence. A consistent and reproducible biologic difference has yet to be demonstrated (Demeter et al, 1988) STAGES OF HOMOSEXUALITY Stages of Homosexuality For counsellor who sexuality is an issue, understanding stages of homosexuality is even more important. Cass (1979) lists six stages that many homosexuals go through when dealing with their own sexual orientation. The basic model that Cass has proposed includes: 7 ? Identity Confusion – In this stage, individuals begin to wonder if they may be homosexual. They may consider the possibility, or reject it. If they choose to consider the possibility, they will move to the second stage. ? Identity Comparison – Here, individuals may begin looking at others and comparing themselves to homosexuals and non homosexuals in the surrounding environment. At this point, individuals may make contact with another homosexual person. ? Identity Tolerance – Individuals are becoming increasingly committed to the homosexual identity and may seek out more and more homosexual contacts. The self-image is still one of merely â€Å"tolerating† the homosexuality, rather than embracing it. ? Identity Acceptance – At this point, a more positive view of homosexuality begins to develop. Individuals may feel they fit into the homosexual society. However, they will generally attempt to â€Å"pass† for heterosexual, and self-disclosure will be limited. ? Identity Pride – Individuals in this stage characteristically feel a great deal of pride about their homosexuality. They will identify strongly with other homosexuals and feel anger at the way society treats homosexuals as a whole. They are often very conspicuous in their sexuality. ? Identity Synthesis – Finally, the influence of positive non homosexuals helps individuals become aware that all heterosexuals are not bad. At this point, they may feel â€Å"settled in† to their identity, neither ashamed of it nor needing to â€Å"flaunt† it. (Cass, 1984). COUNSELLING HOMOSEXUAL Ethical and Value Issues It will be a suicidal to this essay, to focus on ethics versus values in counselling a homosexual and not focus on religion. From a historical perspective, religion has been in existence as long as civilization. For many centuries, it was central to the function of society, in day to day, as well as political life. Religion invokes a feeling of respect of something greater than yourself, which is central in guiding your life. Sample the two largest religion globally, Christianity and Islam on the beliefs they hold on homosexual (Harvey, 2000). Christianity believes; †¢ Leviticus. 18:22, â€Å"You shall not lie with a male as one lies with a female; it is an abomination†. 8 †¢ 1 Leviticus. 20:13, â€Å"If there is a man who lies with a male as those who lie with a woman, both of them have committed a detestable act; they shall surely be put to death. Their blood guiltiness is upon them† †¢ 1 Corinthians. 6:9-10, â€Å"Or do you not know that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate, nor homosexuals, nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers, shall inherit the kingdom of God. † While the Islamic faith believes; †¢ â€Å"We also sent Lut : He said to his people : â€Å"Do ye commit lewdness such as no people in creation (ever) committed before you? For ye practice your lusts on men in preference to women: ye are indeed a people transgressing beyond bounds. † Qur'an 7:80-81 †¢ †¢ â€Å"What! Of all creatures do ye come unto the males, and leave the wives your Lord created for you? Nay, but ye are forward folk. † Qur'an 26:165 The Prophet (saws) said:†May Allah curse him who does that Lot's people did. (Ibn Hibban, authentic) Religious and cultural beliefs, for many represent deeply held convictions about choice and approaches to life that go beyond simple preferences. These beliefs reflect value sets that are at the core of one’s being, and the fear that the higher authority is key to determining how a person's life turns out, it is also cause for concern in doing anything against the principles dictated by the set of beliefs that a person is following. Being brought up in a Muslim family background, where Islamic teachings and values are practiced, and modelled in the teachings that carry over weight to secular institutions, I have found it difficult for me to downplay the teaching of Islamic religion on homosexuality. I wonder, am I to be valueless as counsellors at the same time try to empower clients to develop and practice values of their choice as long as there is no harm to self or others? For long I have been struggling to counsel a client who subscribe to homosexual as his sexual orientation. Am also not sure for how long will I be referring clients who are homosexual or is it ethical right to keep on refer homosexual on the basis of conflicting with my values? 9 Working with lesbian and gay men often presents a challenge to counsellors who hold traditional values. Even counsellors who accept same-sex relationships intellectually may reject them emotionally. Counsellors who have negative reactions to homosexual are more likely to impose their own values (Buhrke & Douce 1991). However the ethical codes of American Counselling Association(ACA), American Psychological Association (APA)and National Association of Social Workers(NASW) clearly states that discrimination on the basis of minority status-be it race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation – is unethical and acceptable (Buhrke & Douce 1991) While am still pondering in my role as a counsellor, actively attempt to understand the origin of homosexuality, stages in involves and diverse cultural backgrounds of the clients I serve. Of course, counsellors can, and should, seek to understand all forms of diversity. However, there is a difference between understanding and agreeing with something or someone. If counsellors’ convictions leave them disagreeing with the basic beliefs of their clients to the point where being therapeutic is in question, then should they avoid these relationships? To disregard one’s religious influences would be demonstrating a lack of self respect – the very thing counsellors try to help clients maintain and build upon? Am also wondering whether a given counsellor should counsel any and every client? I tend to believe we all have biases. Sometimes a personal bias, religious or otherwise, would prevent a counsellor from providing the high quality, neutral service that fully respects the client and the client’s right to selfdetermination. In my opinion to demand that counsellors always be neutral regardless of their biases and convictions is to demand superhuman abilities. According to Hermann and Herlihy (2006) justice involves awareness of counsellors own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with the counselling goals. It is also noted in the ACA codes that another way for counsellors to both avoid imposing values and to respect client diversity is to make appropriate referrals if necessary. The Code addresses this by stating that â€Å"if counsellors determine an inability to be of professional assistance to clients, they avoid entering or continuing professional relationships† (ACA, 2005, A. 11. b). If counsellors discover conflicts in values that are likely to cause harm to clients or hinder their therapeutic effectiveness, then they should â€Å"terminate the counselling relationship when it becomes 10 reasonably apparent that the client no longer needs assistance, is not likely to benefit, or is being harmed by continued counselling† (ACA, 2005, A. 11. c). In reference to ACA (2005) Beneficence is the primary responsibility of counsellors to respect the dignity and to promote the welfare of clients. Nonmaleficence means avoiding doing harm, which includes refraining from actions that risk hurting clients, either intentionally or unintentionally. While Autonomy entails acknowledging the right of another to choose and act in accordance with his or her wishes and the professional behaves in a way that enables this right of another person. Despite the codes emphasis on, counsellor’s awareness of the intimacy responsibilities inherent in the counselling relationship, maintain respect for clients, and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of clients. However one will only respect the dignity and promote the welfare f clients when we are aware of our own limitations not when we eliminate our own values. What is truly important is that we treat everyone with respect and understanding, even those with whom we may not agree. That is the spirit behind the Code. However, to â€Å"treat with respect† by counselling clients with whom our values conf lict would increase the likelihood of our doing harm. Yet, Hermann and Herlihy cite Remley and Herlihy (2005) when stating that â€Å"if a counsellor’s values were so strong that he or she could not counsel clients with differing beliefs, we would be concerned that the counsellor is not well-suited for the counselling profession†. However such generalization is likely to scare many counsellors including myself from the profession who could otherwise be competent with many populations rather than forcing them to suppress their religious beliefs lest they be accused of being judgmental. Conclusion In writing this essay I studied both schools of thought in-depth, on the origin of homosexuality and religious values that some counsellors subscribed to and I firmly conclude that, there is no clear evidence yet as to origin of homosexuality. While I am not neglecting existing theories, I feel the main concern as a practising counsellor would to focus on self awareness and respect to others without losing his own identity or values. 11 Finally, in my research for this essay I tend to agree with the following recommendations by Feltham & Horton, (2000) for counsellors unable to compromise their religiously based moral values. Training workshops, which include didactic presentation about lesbian, gay and bisexual psychology including the various models of coming out Personal therapy and self awareness work to explore some of the histories in some depth, with therapists who have themselves done the required work: supervision with lesbian, gay and bisexual therapist on client work. Spending time with lesbian, gay and bisexual people at work and in recreation Personal contacts through genuine friendships have been demonstrated to be powerful ways of changing opinions and behaviours. (Although this could certainly be understood as replacing one set of values with another) 12 Reference ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? American Psychological Association. http://www. apa. org/topics/sorientation. html#whatis. Retrieved 2008-08-12 Bogaert, Anthony F. (2006) Toward conceptual understanding of asexuality. Review of General Psychology 10 (3): 241–250. Byne, W. and Parsons, B. (1993) Human Sexual Orientation. The Biologic Theories Reappraised†, Arch Gen Psychiatry, vol 50, March 1993. pp 228-239. C, Feltham. and I, Horton. (2000) Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy. London: Sage C, Feltham. and W, Dryden. (2004) Dictionary of Counselling, (2nd Ed). London: Whurr Publishers Cass, V. (1979) Homosexual identity formation. A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4 (3), 219-235. Cass, V. (1984) Homosexual identity formation. Testing a theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 20 (2), 143-167. Demeter 5, Ringo J. and Doty R. (1988) Morohometric Analysis of the Human Corpus Collosum and the Anterior Commissure. Human Neurobiology 1988. 6:219-226 Ellis, L. and Ames, M. A. 1987) Neurohormonal Functioning and Sexual Orientation: A Theory of Homosexuality – Heterosexuality† Psychol Bull. 1987;101:233-258 Frediani, J. A. (2000). Sexuality and our faith: A companion to our whole lives for adults. Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association. Freud, S. (1953). Three ess ays on the theory of sexuality. London: Hogarth Press Freud, S. (1962). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. New York: Basic Books Harvey, Graham. (2000) Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Hermann, M. A. , & Herlihy, B. R. (2006) â€Å"Legal and ethical implications of refusing to counsel homosexual clients†. Journal of Counselling & Development, 84, 414-418. Hubbard, R. Wald, E. (1993) Exploding the Gene Myth. Boston. Beacon Press Kallmann, F. (1952) â€Å"Comparative Twin Study on the Genetic Aspects of Male Homosexuality† J Nerv Ment Dis. 1952. 115:283-298. 13 ? ? ? LeVay, S. (1991) â€Å"A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men† Science 1991;253:1034-1037 Robin, A. Buhrke. and Louise, A. Douce. (1991) Training Issues for Counseling Psychologists in Working with Lesbian Women and Gay Men. London: Sage Sanders, G. L. &Kroll, I. T. (2000) â€Å"Generating stories of resilience: Helping gay and lesbian youth and their families†. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 433-442. 14

US government grants are meant to help churches as well Essay Example

US government grants are meant to help churches as well Essay Example US government grants are meant to help churches as well Essay US government grants are meant to help churches as well Essay Amongst the many forms of assistance meted out by the US government, grants happen to be one of the most essential constituents. However, the unfortunate bit remains the fact that most aren’t aware of the actual concept of government grants in the first place and only tend to think of it when they’re in a financial fix and need to opt for  debt settlement  to save the day. Essentially a government grant happens to be a financial award given by the federal, state or perhaps local government to the eligible grantee. Generally government grants aren’t expected to be repaid by the recipient and neither do they include any technical assistance or other forms of financial assistance like say a loan guarantee or interest rate subsidy and likewise. The free government grants for churches Now, there’s a prevalent impression that government grants are only for individuals and businesses. However, that’s not the case really for many others can benefit from US government grants and that includes churches as well. In fact, there are very few churches which actually consider the idea of free government grants when it comes to funding their ministry. There are certain churches which consider it a problem to accept money from the government as they wish to have a free reign without any strings attached. However, it’s still a very good idea and churches should consider it. The application bit: Churches when applying for free government grants should start on it as soon as possible. This is essentially because the application process involved is rather lengthy and tedious. In fact, there are certain churches which might require as long as 6 weeks only to gather all necessary documentations and fill out the necessary paperwork. Now once a church receives a government grant, then renewing it shouldn’t entail as much paperwork as before. The purpose behind it: Now, the free government grants available for churches can’t really be used for everyday church operations. This means the churches wouldn’t really be able to use it for paying their electricity bill or even their mortgage. Actually free grants are available to churches only when they’ve got a specific need for it. The faith based grants: The faith based grants were initiated by none other than former President George Bush during his tenure in office. He had come up with the proposal of offering federal grants to the religious and charitable social service groups. This was done through the White House Office of Faith Based and Community Initiatives. The controversies around: Now, it’s also a fact that free government grants for churches have raised some controversies amongst people, especially those who don’t agree to federal dollars going into religious organizations. Basically this thought stems from the knowledge that churches operate tax free and hence they shouldn’t get any further assistance. Actually free government grants for churches can be a real blessing when handled correctly. The unfortunate bit remains that church workers and volunteers might just be feeling a sense of entitlement when it comes to working with an empty bank account and that too for so long. This is where comes in the risk of wanting to take advantage of free money. Hence, when applying for grants be absolutely sure of the fact that your church has a system of accountability in place so that the grant money is spent right and not misused.

13 Benefits You Can Get From a Report Writer in College

13 Benefits You Can Get From a Report Writer in College 13 Benefits You Can Get From a Report Writer in College The top of the list of the most challenging activities for college writers is reporting accurately and efficiently. It can become difficult to accomplish the required results, between developing reports for numerous sources to attempting to improve coordination and enhance operations. However, by making use of computer-based applications, coordination can be enhanced, and operations improved. Report Writer is a text-based script language you can use to give information in multidimensional databases. It utilizes varieties of query builder tools and reporting frameworks, database enhancements and design business processes to make the tracking and reporting of advancement data more efficient. It is capable of working with a document office based database. A report generator, as it is called, constitutes a part of a database administration system that data is extracted from and presented in a format that has been predefined by the user at the point of input. You are permitted to choose records that meet certain conditions in most Report Writers, and these can then be displayed in rows and columns. The data generated can also be formatted into charts and other diagrams, and kept reusing it for new data. Here are 13 advantages of using a Report Writer: Record Keeping. It keeps records and serves as a vital source of information that can be used for future reference. You can forget about numerous tables and notes in different files. Once you use a Report Writer, your information will be in order. Easy Access. it saves time and eliminates stress, particularly because it is a platform that most people can easily access and use after. Concise and Descriptive Information. In terms of tables, charts, graphs, and illustration, it provides information. Thus students can be aware of facts and figures as an update. These days, information is treated as the most valuable resource. Consistent Information. Viewing reports can sometimes be challenging if you are using a client-server environment and the information is directed to a wrong location, or there are different parameters from a user to user. Thus it provides users with access to the same information. By making reports more precise and easy to understand, it guarantees consistency. Indicate Status. Report shows the present status of any project and therefore you keep on knowing what you are doing. It communicates with you for project progresses. Facilitates Research. As a source of qualitative and quantitative information, It facilitates research work. For instance, a company report showing the market condition of one of their products. Setting Actions. It helps to determine future actions by demonstrating the correlation and analysis with critical assessment. Decision Making. Depending on the recommendations given in the report, decisions can be easily made. It is important when you are under a time pressure or when you really need a good base for making some professional step ahead. Building Relation. It provides insight on the author’s analytical and critical comprehension, thus creating an impression on authors knowledge and philosophy. This helps build a relationship between author and reader. Low Cost. There are currently many less expensive web-based applications available that specialize in reporting. For college students that already have the skillsets needed for report generation, these can be a great choice. Easy Software Updates. Software updates only have to run on the web since most reports writers are web-based. This removes the need to update singular client PCs for information files, saving energy and time. When generating reports, computer-based reporting systems are faster. It saves a considerable amount of time for other academic activities, as writing essays or getting ready for exams. No Limitations: Report Writers can generate reports whose length or specific format exceed the limits of a spreadsheet. It can define formatted reports of multidimensional data, produce free-form reports, and export data from an analytic services database. As has been illustrated above, a college student gets many advantages for his/her concerns and personal life too as regards writing a report. Additionally, you can also order professional writing help from real academic report experts.

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Essay - 5

HCM621-0804A-01 Ethics, Policy, and Law in Health Care Management - Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example Several numbers of uninsured people have full or part time employment. In order to decrease the number of uninsured individual within the working classes, the insurance will be covering children who are uninsured and extend its coverage to their families. In order to address the number of children who are uninsured it is best to find ways how to lower the numbers. Responses to health crisis will need time, effort and strength, but the assurance of having health coverage to all especially the children is important. I am suggesting the following policies in order to address the crisis. First is to expand the Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP). CHIP is a US federal government program for families with children that gives funds to states to provide health insurance. The program was designed to cover uninsured children in families with incomes that are modest but too high to qualify for Medicaid. Second is to focus on individuals who are eligible for the program in their hometown and encourage them to enrol in the program. And to expand CHIP coverage and include the patents and families of the children enrolled in the program. The statistics shows that nearly 9 million children are uninsured and they come from the community where the p arents themselves are uninsured. Affordable health care option can be provided if they allow CHIP to extend its coverage to the parents. The extension would be beneficial to the children who would take the program. Children enrolled in SCHIP are entitled to regular checkups, immunizations, doctor’s visits and hospital care. Under SCHIP, states have the choice of expanding Medicaid, establishing a separate, stand-alone program, or combining these two approaches.

New york city Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New york city - Research Paper Example Early Development New York prior to the arrival of Europeans was home to Native American communities particularly the Lenape people. The Lenape were a community that resided there with their main economic activities being subsistence farming; the men would hunt and fish while agriculture was left as an economic activity mainly for the women. The arrival of Europeans can be traced back to the era when the Dutch arrived into America. Many believe that the Native Americans traded what is now the most valuable piece of real estate in the world for twenty-four dollars either in cash or for beads and trinkets whose value amounted to twenty-four dollars (Burrows & Wallace 15). This story has not been proved true and is perhaps an origin myth that is common to all cities such as that of Romulus and Remus in Rome. The arrival of Dutch settlers began in 1624 when they made the area to be a trading post for the colonists and they named it New Amsterdam. Arrival of the British With the expansion of the British Empire, the British took control of New Amsterdam and renamed it to New York as the then king and incumbent Prince of Wales Charles II decided to give it as a present to his brother the Duke of York. The British conquest of New York changed it from a small trading colony to a rapidly expanding urban center as many immigrants came from Britain, Germany and Netherlands with their families as well as slaves from Africa and servants. As more immigrants arrived from Europe, New York City became a crucial point for the American Revolution since it was where Anti-British sentiment began. It is imperative to note that when the British government passed the Stamp Act of 1765, New York closed its ports and protests against the government erupted with effigies of the ruling class being burnt. As America went into its struggle for independence, New York City was taken over by the British due to its administrative and economic importance, in order to cut the revolutionaries from the rest of the world, and so the city functioned as a military base from 1776 until 1783 when the British handed it over to the Americans. New York After Independence After America won the state from the British Empire, it developed quickly as an international trading port due to its geographical location and with the growth of the cotton industry, it was an important port for textile manufacturers to set up their factories as they exported the cloth to Manchester and other parts of the world. The city of New York did not however grow without facing some hindrances such as sanitation and insecurity. A large portion of the city was also uneducated and so problems would arise when searching for highly skilled labor. The presence of the large uneducated masses that could not access the same opportunities as the wealthy led to the doctors riots of 1788 due to people’s disapproval at the display and dissection of a dead body. In 1798, a Yellow Fever outbreak resulted in the death of over three thousand people in that year alone showing the cities inability to cope with an epidemic outbreak (Belden 21). With such problems facing the city, the government in place had to increase the number of the police and with the fame of New York Police Department spread for its efficiency and knowledge in crime management (Belden 47). Due to its location as a business hub and the constant entry of immigrants from New York, it soon developed as a