Organisational Behaviour: A Case Study Essay

Question one. Learning is a procedure of adjusting to a difference in conduct or the capacity to change one’s method of going about because of impact from consistent practice or encounters (Michas and Berry, 2000). Learning can either be seen as a procedure or as a result of a previously finished procedure. As a procedure, learning is seen as a change of conduct or an adjustment in the psychological condition of an individual while as an item, learning is concentrated under the premise of different learning speculations. The learning hypothesis looks to disclose how and how much such a change will undoubtedly happen. This hypothesis is basic in associations since it assists with making significant level experts at the work environment. Contingent upon the circumstance and the readiness of the laborers, various associations can apply diverse learning speculations at various occasions. Three fundamental viewpoints of this hypothesis are known. This incorporate behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism. Behaviorism centers for the most part around the physical parts of learning. As per Miller and Pace (2006), an adjustment in conduct isn't impacted by the individual’s feelings or individual thought processes yet rather, it is an enduring change in conduct which happens when activated by an adjustment in the general condition. This methodology has been found to yield changes, for example, segregation, relationship among different aptitudes which don't require inside and out inner procedures. For example, from the contextual analysis given, Diane’s conduct changed when she began working at La Maison where the natural elements instructed her to be dedicated and effective in her work. Cognitivism point of view manages matters connected to the mind framework. For this situation, a learning procedure includes the inside procedures which incorporates how the brain gets, composes, stores and recovers information or any data got. It focuses on the psychological part of the leaner’s contemplations, convictions, thoughts and perspectives towards the association. This methodology of the learning hypothesis has been in useful in clarifying the mind boggling types of conduct which include thinking, tackling issues and handling information to adjust ones conduct (Niederhausler et al, 2002). For the situation study, this sort of learning hypothesis is seen when a worker’s conduct in an association are impacted by elements, for example, manager’s disposition, authoritative culture among different components which are not obvious genuinely. The constructivism approach then again sees learning as a procedure of building new thoughts and ideas. It is pretty much something contrary to behaviorism in that it centers around how an individual shape a specific type of conduct exuding from past information or encounters. From the contextual investigation, the constructivism sort of learning approach is clear where we see that Diane had gained from past experience how to give quick and quality administrations to the clients by adjusting a few plates on her arms. This was a positive sort of conduct which guaranteed quicker conveyance a lot as per the general inclination of her clients. In a hierarchical idea, there are explicit characteristics related with learning or change of conduct in associations. This relies upon what is found out, how and when it is found out. Various associations contrast in their techniques for adapting primarily because of the way that each association speaks to an aggregate blend of people from various foundations and all the more along these lines, it comprises of a units which have various jobs and qualities which they use to accomplish their future objectives (Billett, 2007). As per Prange (1999), the people learns and not the associations which they work for. For this situation, he contends that learning is a procedure which fundamentally happens in the human cerebrum. Another contention set forward by Perkins (1997) says that despite the fact that learning may occur in associations, it isn't generally positive. That is, not all associations learn well and in a manner which will undoubtedly move their future objectives into the correct course. For example, various specialists in an association may hold various perspectives concerning the organisation’s future achievement relying upon the sort of initiative style sent in the association by its pioneers. The three points of view of the learning hypothesis, behaviorism, cognitivism and constructivism have a few qualities just as shortcoming on the laborers of an association as saw from the contextual analysis given. The behaviorism idea of the learning hypothesis has a bit of leeway in that, each laborer has a reasonable and compact objective which the person is set to accomplish and hence any adjustment in nature can invigorate its accomplishment naturally. Be that as it may, this methodology has been condemned in that the laborers may now and again experience a circumstance wherein the correct boost don't happen along these lines thwarting the accomplishment of the ideal objectives. For example, if the laborers in an inn are accustomed to reacting to a specific improvement, for example, tips so as to work viably, the adequacy would strongly drop ones the tips stop to exist. For the cognitivism approach, the students are prepared to work with a particular goal in mind reliably with or without a boosts. This is invaluable in that it maintains a strategic distance from irregularities in the work place and guarantees consumer loyalty t all occasions. Then again, this might be disadvantageous in that the laborers brain may get acquainted with doing likewise to such an extent that it might be hard for them to adjust to any slight change in the association. The constructivism approach is valuable in that the less fatty can adjust to numerous progressions which may happen in the association dependent on past circumstances. Be that as it may, this methodology has a significant downside in that it in certain circumstances, unique reasoning may mess up the association. From the contextual analysis given, Diane the student has a difference in conduct which is influenced by the adjustment in nature or the atmosphere made by her manager which causes her to endeavor to do everything in an ideal manner. Be that as it may, when she is fought, her mentality changes and she begins to get things done in a moderate wasteful way. For this situation study, a positive part of intellectual learning hypothesis is additionally observed whereby, Diane’s conduct is impacted by the high tips she gets from the clients and this propels her to work more enthusiastically in any event, when the inspiration she is getting from her supervisor is exceptionally negligible. What's more, it can likewise be found from the contextual investigation that all the laborers at the La Maison where Diane works are instructed how to function under tension and work with greatness. This conduct has been molded by the working environment culture of training from the guidelines given by Godot their supervisor. This mirrors a productive learning approach. Question two. From the contextual investigation, nature and the dictator administration style practiced by Godot the administrator of La Maison greatly affects the conduct of the laborers and Diana specifically. From the authoritative culture which stresses on greatness and collaboration, Diane conduct was promptly disposed towards attempting to her best potential since the starting which guaranteed that she worked superbly. Be that as it may, her conduct changed when she was fought by the chief and she chose to work gradually and her proficiency was incredibly diminished. Different variables which assisted with molding Diane’s conduct incorporate the tips she got from the clients which roused her to work more so as to get more tips. This constrained her to return to her effective working pace in any event, when her resolve had truly been put somewhere near her chief. Numerous positive and negative fortifications, disciplines and elimination powers which might be utilized by Godot and his clients might be recognized from the contextual investigation. Among the encouraging comments utilized by Godot incorporate his committed and innovative disposition towards his work which inspired the laborers to invest more energy in their work. His vision and the way of life of collaboration which he underlined on likewise caused the representatives to cooperate to fulfill all the clients. In any case, Godot had extremely terrible enthusiastic upheavals and tempers which adversely influenced the workers’ effectiveness. For example, in the wake of investing so much energy, Diane felt disheartened because of the way that her supervisor didn't see her difficult work however rather, he rushed to fight her when she submitted a basic slip-up. The affront he pulled towards the laborers when the café was packed and they couldn't stay up with the high number of clients additionally brought down the workers’ confidence. As far as disciplines, Godot had confidence in rebuffing the laborers when they turned out badly by forcing fines to address the cost of their errors. This drove the laborers to feel crazy and frustrated hence become less effective in their work. As a decent administrator, Godot can improve the worker’s proficiency through commending them for their difficult work and amending them in the correct manner where they turn out badly as opposed to offending them. What's more, he ought to endeavor to improve his relationship with his laborers so as to inspire them. The uplifting comments gained from the café clients remember great commendations to the laborers and tips for terms of cash for their proficient administrations. Negative reactions, for example, less tips when the administrations were less effective additionally assisted with spurring Diane to work more diligently so as to satisfy them and get more tips. In this manner, by being grateful, the clients assisted with molding the conduct of the laborers in a positive manner. Question three. The different fortifications and disciplines talked about above had a positive just as a negative effect on Diane’s conduct. For example, when Diane dropped a bowl of bouillabaisse, she was fined the cost of the bouillabaisse and the expense of cleaning the floor covering she recolored, as a discipline for her slip-up. This drove Diane feel exceptionally mad, dis

How to Use Italian Reflexive Pronouns

The most effective method to Use Italian Reflexive Pronouns In the event that you need to utilize reflexive action words in Italian, at that point you must be acquainted with reflexive pronouns, as well. Reflexive pronouns (I pronomi riflessivi) mi, ti, si, ci, vi, and si look simply like direct item pronouns, aside from the third-individual structure si (which is the equivalent in the solitary and in the plural). In a reflexive sentence, the activity of the action word alludes back to the subject. Models: I wash myself. - Mi lavo.They live it up. - Si divertono. In reflexive sentences, Italian action words, similar to English action words, are conjugated with reflexive pronouns. Reflexive pronouns (I pronomi riflessivi) are indistinguishable in structure to coordinate article pronouns, with the exception of the third individual structure si (the third individual solitary and plural structure).  The accompanying table remembers the reflexive pronouns for Italian. Italian Reflexive Pronouns Particular PLURAL mi myself ci ourselves ti yourself vi yourselves si himself, herself, itself, yourself (formal) si themselves, yourselves (formal) Much the same as immediate article pronouns, reflexive pronouns are set before a conjugated action word or joined to the infinitive. In the event that the infinitive is gone before by a type of dovere, potere, or volere, the reflexive pronoun is either appended to the infinitive (which drops its last â€e) or put before the conjugated action word. Note that the reflexive pronoun concurs with the subject in any event, when connected to the infinitive: Mi alzo. - Im getting up.Voglio alzarmi./Mi voglio alzare. - I need to get up. The pronouns Mi, ti, si, and vi may drop the I before another vowel or a h and supplant it with a punctuation. Ci may drop the I just before another I or an e: Voi varrabbiate facilmente. - You blow up easily.I ragazzi salzano alle sette. - The young men woke up at seven oclock.A casa, mannoio. - At home, I get exhausted. To perceive how reflexive pronouns work with reflexive action words, see an example conjugation of lavarsi (to wash oneself) in the table underneath. Lavarsi - To wash oneself Mi lavo ci laviamo ti lavi vi lavate si magma si lavano Italian Workbook Exercises Questions | AnswersReflexive PronounsA. Complete the accompanying with the suitable present demonstrative reflexive types of the showed action words. Io ________ Enzo. chiamarsiQuelle ragazze ________ alle otto. alzarsiLoro ________ vicino alla porta. sedersiDaniele ________ lentamente. vestirsiNoi ________ facilmente. addormentarsiIo non ________ mai. arrabbiarsiVoi ________ sempre. lamentarsiFrancesco ________ di Teresa. innamorarsi Questions | AnswersB. Complete the sentences with one of the action words given below.chiamarsi, diplomarsi, fermarsi, laurearsi, sentirsi, specializzarsi, sposarsi Io ________ Valentina. Tu come ________?Andate dal dottore quando non ________ bene?Maria frequenta luniversit. Vuole prima ________ in medicina, e pio ________ in cardiologia.Gli studenti italiani ________ alla fine del liceo. Poi vanno alluniversit.Ugo e Vittoria ________ se trovano una casa. Italian Language Study Resources: Italian Language LessonsItalian Audio PhrasebookItalian Language Audio Lab Related Articles: Understanding the Italian Present Conditional TenseGive Me a Hug! Understanding Italian Reciprocal Reflexive VerbsItalian Reflexive VerbsHow To Use Reflexive Pronouns in Spanish

Safety Management and Audit Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Safety Management and Audit. Answer: Worthy or middle of the road level of hazard It is the degree of danger, misfortune or injury that is middle of the road by the general public or policymakers dependent on money saving advantage examination (Manuele, 2008). After hazard disposal, control and shirking activities have been set up the lingering hazard is characterized as satisfactory or passable. Explanations behind expanding casualty pattern in the development business Absence of experience and capability among the laborers is one of the components that are expanding the instances of casualty. Most fatalities in the development business include laborers who have understanding of short of what one year. Plus, laborers who have understanding of under three years in the Singapore development industry have a higher danger of being associated with fatalities. Fundamental slip by is the second factor that is liable for high fatalities in development work environments. Proof uncovers that around 87 percent of organizations neglect to lead sufficient hazard the board. Around 93 percent of the fatalities include laborers who grasp dangerous conduct because of absence of security mindfulness (WSH, 2016). Measures to capture the rising pattern Absence of experience and ability among the laborers Documentation of jobs, obligations and specialists (# 4.4.1) Inexperienced laborers ought to be made mindful of their obligations to improve their ability. Away from of the duties of the laborers will forestall mishaps. Improve laborers fitness through preparing (#4.4.2) Workers who have deficient experience of working in the Singapore development industry ought to be offered additionally preparing to improve their ability. Foundational slip by Security investigation (#9.2) The plant ought to be examined altogether to address foundational slips. This measure can be executed by making a security assessment advisory group that would review the plant consistently. Executing methods for peril recognizable proof (#4.3.1) Systemic slips can be tended to by actualizing clear strategies for danger distinguishing proof. This methodology of hazard the executives will be useful in forestalling casualty among laborers who receive the hazardous conduct as a result of absence of wellbeing mindfulness. Giving representatives criticism about risky conduct is compelling (Lai et al., 2011). SMEs and SMS SMEs in Singapore consistence with security the board framework A large portion of the SMEs neglect to hold fast to the WSH Act and its guidelines. An examination by WSH Institute involving 123 SME business directors found that 1 out of 3 business pioneers was incognizant of WSH chance (WSH Institute, 2014). Purposes behind resistance High asset limitations Absence of data and mastery in WSH Act High money related costs (Stephen et al., 2015). Difficulties to get laborers to consent The board carelessness Variable program to help SMEs in their consistence with WSH Act Sponsoring WSH Act preparing Lack of data has been distinguished as a boundary to the usage of the demonstration. The expense of preparing, just as consistence, is a crucial obstruction. Financed preparing would be given to qualified business pioneers to upgrade their insight on WSH Act. Connecting authorizing framework with security the board Some SMEs neglect to execute wellbeing the executives because of carelessness. Requiring SMEs to conform to WSH Act and its guidelines before applying for a working permit would provoke them to agree (Sunindijo, 2015). Execution Indicator Arrangement of activities to be set up Every day security gatherings laborers would be advised about the undertaking progress, changes in Jobsite and what sort of hardware and gear will be utilized on that specific day. Wellbeing gatherings are significant in diminishing fatalities (Ling et al., 2008). Laborers will be given with wellbeing gear It will be compulsory for all workers to wear security gear while at the organization to forestall eccentric security risks. The presentation of intelligent dress workers, drivers and gear administrators will be required to wear defensive attire to forestall potential mishaps. The presentation of satisfactory lighting at the office. Arrangement of obvious signage to caution workers of potential threats. Acquaintance of customary breaks with guarantee all workers take breaks to diminish the danger of mishaps in light of fatigue Control methodology to teach wellbeing desires Compulsory progressing wellbeing preparing for all specialists New representatives will be instigated to wellbeing targets of the organization Documentation of every single unanticipated danger inside the organization premises Inclusion of workers in continuous danger ID Tolerating contributions from workers when creating hazard the board plan Procedure of re-leading the hazard evaluation Top administration will show a promise to TWSH The administration will give the necessary assets including preparing and time. Production of a group A group contained people from various divisions will be shaped. This group will at that point be incorporated into the current wellbeing board of trustees. The group will gather information and distinguish worker needs. Needs and procedures The recognized issues will be positioned by direness. Mature age and infection will be organized due to their direness. TWSH intends to oversee word related wellbeing, word related wellbeing and health (Lee Satku, 2015). Execution of mediations The intercessions that will be actualized incorporates adaptable working hours, coordinating of occupation requests with the wellbeing state of representatives, improving ergonomics in the place of work and advancement of conversations and cooperation in the work environment. Observing and inspecting The executed procedures will be assessed and looked into dependent on the changing needs of the workers. Markers that I will use to screen the advancement of CAPA Worker commitment in wellbeing This marker will help in anticipating the degree of take-up Close to miss It will assist with deciding the degree of viability of the activities Cooperation in security boards of trustees Workers offer their criticism and contribution to wellbeing councils to improve productivity of the activities Reviews Helps to check whether changes have been executed Pattern examination Helps to confirm whenever expected outcomes have been accomplished List of sources Lai, D.N.C., Lu, M. Ling, F.Y.Y., 2011. A similar report on embracing human asset rehearses for wellbeing the executives on development extends in the United States and Singapore. Global Journal of Project Management, 29(8), pp.1018-32. Lee, C.E. Satku, K., 2015. Singapore's Health Care System: What 50 Years Have Achieved. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore: Word Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Ling, F.Y.Y., Kiu, M. Charm, Y.C., 2008. Development fatalities in Singapore. Worldwide Journal of Project Management , 27(7), pp.717-26. Manuele, F.A., 2008. Propelled Safety Management Focusing on Z10 and Serious Injury Prevention. John Wiley Sons. Stephen, l., Olsen, K., S, l.I. Hasle, P., 2015. Overseeing wellbeing in little and medium undertakings. Wellbeing Science, 71, pp.189-96. Sunindijo, R.Y., 2015. Improving Safety Among Small Organizations in the Construction Industry: Key Barriers and Improvement Strategies. Procedia Engineering, 125, pp.109-16. WSH Institute, 2014. Study on difficulties and inspirations of SME business pioneers in driving working environment wellbeing and wellbeing. [Online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mother/records/addresses/2015/annex%20b-factsheet%20on%20sme%20business%20leaders_050215.pdf?la=en [Accessed 21 Augustus 2017]. WSH, 2016. Propelling WORKPLACE SAFETY HEALTH IN SINGAPORE FOR 2018 AND BEYOND. [Online] Available at: https://www.mom.gov.sg/~/media/mother/records/public statements/2016/0825-attach a-wsh-2018-plus.pdf [Accessed 21 Augustus 2017].

Beauty Is All A Girl Needs †English Essay

Excellence Is All A Girl Needs †English Essay Free Online Research Papers Excellence Is All A Girl Needs English Essay In numerous youngsters stories magnificence is an exceptionally accentuated characteristic. In spite of the fact that it numerous not appear that way, however in stories like Joseph Jacobs’ â€Å"Catskin† or Grimm’s â€Å"Cinderella† excellence is a main consideration behind the occasions of the story. The two stories essentially come down to, if the young lady is delightful, she will be fine. In Grimm’s â€Å"Cinderella† the idea of magnificence is the thing that it’s about. At the point when Cinderella is at her home she wears clothes and beat up garments since she is doing all the house work. She isn't excellent in light of the fact that she needs to work. In any case, when she is at the wedding and in her stunning dress, everybody sees her and even the ruler himself is intrigued. â€Å"Her sister and her progression mother had no clue what her identity was. She glanced so lovely in the dress of gold that they figured she should be the little girl of a remote king.† (Grimm 119). At the point when she puts on her dress she turns into a very surprising individual, the thoughtful that isn’t expected to clean the house. She is lovely to such an extent that the ruler at that point goes a journey to discover her once more. But since she isn’t wearing the dress he can’t be certain. Her presently absence of excellence has made th e ruler go around with her sister. Since Cinderella is back in her clothes, she can’t be the one from the wedding. Without her dress on, she by and by changes over into the housekeeper. At the point when the sovereign does at long last discover her, she returns her dress on and changes once more into the â€Å"daughter of an outside king†. What's more, since she is so lovely she gets the chance to wed the ruler and never need to clean again. She doesn’t get hitched in light of the fact that she is a pleasant individual, amusing or anything other kind of attribute an individual searches for, it’s basic since she was the most wonderful individual at the wedding. Joseph Jacobs’ â€Å"Catskin† the little youngster had many fine dresses made for her. At the point when she was searching for work she was equivalent to Cinderella, she wore her catskin dress so she resembled a housekeeper. However, when a ball comes around she escapes and puts on her most exquisite dress and intrigues everybody with her excellence, including the ruler. She does this a subsequent time and â€Å"†¦everyone was shocked at so excellent a face and a structure wearing so rich and uncommon a dress†¦.† (Jacobs 124). By and by the topic her is, look the best, at that point the sovereign will need you and you will never need to do anything until kingdom come. This subject is consolidated into around 2 pages yet its still as solid. Before she met the sovereign she was working in the kitchen. In her catskin nobody would she be able to here excellence due to her frightful dressing. â€Å"†¦you go among all the fine masters and women with you r dirty catskin? A fine figure you’d cut!† (Jacobs 123). Refuting that in the apparel, she is monstrous. On the off chance that it was not for her reserve of incredible dresses she would have never dazzled the ruler enough. Also, in light of the fact that she was the most delightful and hitched the sovereign, â€Å"†¦they lived upbeat ever afterwards.† (Jacobs 125). By and by focusing on that on the off chance that you look great, sack the rich person, you are good to go. Grimm’s â€Å"Cinderella† and Jacobs’ â€Å"Catskin† both show without question, that if the you are lovely you are good to go. Ladies need not have some other genuine aptitudes, abilities or what have you, inasmuch as they are wonderful. Furthermore, in today society this thought of being as lovely as you can is being constrained on everybody, regular. Research Papers on Beauty Is All A Girl Needs - English EssayThe Hockey GameHip-Hop is ArtMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThree Concepts of PsychodynamicStandardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetBringing Democracy to Africa

Sample Types and Errors in Research

Sample Types and Errors in Research Basics Print Sample Types and Errors in Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 14, 2020 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a whole. When doing research, it is often impractical to survey every member of a particular population because the sheer number of people is simply too large. To make inferences about the characteristics of a population, researchers can use a random sample. Why Do Researchers Use Samples? When researching an aspect of the human mind or ?behavior, researchers simply cannot collect data from every single individual in most cases. Instead, they choose a smaller sample of individuals that represent the larger group.?? If the sample is truly representative of the population in question, researchers can then take their results and generalize them to the larger group. Types of Sampling In psychological research and other types of social research, experimenters typically rely on a few different sampling methods. 1. Probability Sampling Probability sampling means that every individual in a population stands an equal chance of being selected. Because probability sampling involves random selection, it assures that a different subset of the population has an equal chance of being represented in the sample. This makes probability samples more representative, and researchers are better able to generalize their results to the group as a whole. There are a few different types of probability sampling: Simple random sampling is, as the name suggests, the simplest type of probability sampling. Researchers take every individual in a population and randomly select their sample, often using some type of computer program or random number generator.Stratified random sampling involves separating the population into subgroups and then taking a simple random sample from each of these subgroups. For example, research might divide the population up into subgroups based on race, gender, or age and then take a simple random sample of each of these groups. Stratified random sampling often provides greater statistical accuracy than simple random sampling and helps ensure that certain groups are accurately represented in the sample.Cluster sampling involves dividing a population into smaller clusters, often based upon geographic location or boundaries. A random sample of these clusters is then selected and all of the subjects within in cluster are measured. For example, imagine that you are trying to do a study on school principals in your state. Collecting data from every single school principal would be cost-prohibitive and time-consuming. Using a cluster sampling method, you randomly select five counties from your state and then collect data from every subject in each of those five counties. 2. Nonprobability Sampling Non-probability sampling, on the other hand,  involves selecting participants using methods that do not give every individual in a population an equal chance of being chosen. One problem with this type of sample is that volunteers might be different on certain variables than non-volunteers, which might make it difficult to generalize the results to the entire population.?? There are also a couple of different types of nonprobability sampling: Convenience sampling involves using participants in a study because they are convenient and available. If you have ever volunteered for a psychology study conducted through your universitys psychology department, then you have participated in a study that relied on a convenience sample. Studies that rely on asking for volunteers or by using clinical samples that are available to the researcher are also examples of convenience samples.Purposive sampling involves seeking out individuals that meet certain criteria. For example, marketers might be interested in learning how their products are perceived by women between the ages of 18 and 35. They might hire a market research firm to conduct telephone interviews that intentionally seek out and interview women that meet their age criteria.Quota sampling involves intentionally sampling a specific proportion of a subgroup within a population. For example, political pollsters might be interested in researching the opinions of a population on a certain political issue. If they use simple random sampling, they might miss certain subsets of the population by chance. Instead, they establish criteria that a certain percentage of the sample must include these subgroups. While the resulting sample may not actually be representative of the actual proportions that exist in the population, having a quota ensures that these smaller subgroups are represented. Learn more about some of the ways that probability and nonprobability samples differ. Sampling Errors Because sampling naturally cannot include every single individual in a population, errors can occur.?? Differences between what is present in a population and what is present in a sample are known as sampling errors. While it is impossible to know exactly how great the difference between the population and sample may be, researchers are able to statistically estimate the size of the sampling errors. In political polls, for example, you might often hear of the margin of errors expressed by certain confidence levels. In general, the larger the sample size the smaller the level of error. This is simply because as the sample becomes closer to reaching the size of the total population, the more likely it is to accurately capture all of the characteristics of the population. The only way to completely eliminate sampling error is to collect data from the entire population, which is often simply too cost-prohibitive and time-consuming. Sampling errors can be minimized, however, by using randomized probability testing and a large sample size.

Sample Types and Errors in Research

Sample Types and Errors in Research Basics Print Sample Types and Errors in Research By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 14, 2020 More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming In statistics, a sample is a subset of a population that is used to represent the entire group as a whole. When doing research, it is often impractical to survey every member of a particular population because the sheer number of people is simply too large. To make inferences about the characteristics of a population, researchers can use a random sample. Why Do Researchers Use Samples? When researching an aspect of the human mind or ?behavior, researchers simply cannot collect data from every single individual in most cases. Instead, they choose a smaller sample of individuals that represent the larger group.?? If the sample is truly representative of the population in question, researchers can then take their results and generalize them to the larger group. Types of Sampling In psychological research and other types of social research, experimenters typically rely on a few different sampling methods. 1. Probability Sampling Probability sampling means that every individual in a population stands an equal chance of being selected. Because probability sampling involves random selection, it assures that a different subset of the population has an equal chance of being represented in the sample. This makes probability samples more representative, and researchers are better able to generalize their results to the group as a whole. There are a few different types of probability sampling: Simple random sampling is, as the name suggests, the simplest type of probability sampling. Researchers take every individual in a population and randomly select their sample, often using some type of computer program or random number generator.Stratified random sampling involves separating the population into subgroups and then taking a simple random sample from each of these subgroups. For example, research might divide the population up into subgroups based on race, gender, or age and then take a simple random sample of each of these groups. Stratified random sampling often provides greater statistical accuracy than simple random sampling and helps ensure that certain groups are accurately represented in the sample.Cluster sampling involves dividing a population into smaller clusters, often based upon geographic location or boundaries. A random sample of these clusters is then selected and all of the subjects within in cluster are measured. For example, imagine that you are trying to do a study on school principals in your state. Collecting data from every single school principal would be cost-prohibitive and time-consuming. Using a cluster sampling method, you randomly select five counties from your state and then collect data from every subject in each of those five counties. 2. Nonprobability Sampling Non-probability sampling, on the other hand,  involves selecting participants using methods that do not give every individual in a population an equal chance of being chosen. One problem with this type of sample is that volunteers might be different on certain variables than non-volunteers, which might make it difficult to generalize the results to the entire population.?? There are also a couple of different types of nonprobability sampling: Convenience sampling involves using participants in a study because they are convenient and available. If you have ever volunteered for a psychology study conducted through your universitys psychology department, then you have participated in a study that relied on a convenience sample. Studies that rely on asking for volunteers or by using clinical samples that are available to the researcher are also examples of convenience samples.Purposive sampling involves seeking out individuals that meet certain criteria. For example, marketers might be interested in learning how their products are perceived by women between the ages of 18 and 35. They might hire a market research firm to conduct telephone interviews that intentionally seek out and interview women that meet their age criteria.Quota sampling involves intentionally sampling a specific proportion of a subgroup within a population. For example, political pollsters might be interested in researching the opinions of a population on a certain political issue. If they use simple random sampling, they might miss certain subsets of the population by chance. Instead, they establish criteria that a certain percentage of the sample must include these subgroups. While the resulting sample may not actually be representative of the actual proportions that exist in the population, having a quota ensures that these smaller subgroups are represented. Learn more about some of the ways that probability and nonprobability samples differ. Sampling Errors Because sampling naturally cannot include every single individual in a population, errors can occur.?? Differences between what is present in a population and what is present in a sample are known as sampling errors. While it is impossible to know exactly how great the difference between the population and sample may be, researchers are able to statistically estimate the size of the sampling errors. In political polls, for example, you might often hear of the margin of errors expressed by certain confidence levels. In general, the larger the sample size the smaller the level of error. This is simply because as the sample becomes closer to reaching the size of the total population, the more likely it is to accurately capture all of the characteristics of the population. The only way to completely eliminate sampling error is to collect data from the entire population, which is often simply too cost-prohibitive and time-consuming. Sampling errors can be minimized, however, by using randomized probability testing and a large sample size.

The concept of Lex Mercatoria in internation law - Free Essay Example

Lex Mercatoria being the Latin term for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"merchant lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the term used to describe the body of commercial laws that the merchants of Europe used during the medieval times. It is the body of law that will stand as the foundation in understand certain important international trade instruments. As it stands today, Lex Mercatoria is said to be vague, and not specific. This is due to the range of laws that are said to be contained within it which in following from the English common law system is made up of a system of customs and best trade practices. Thus there have been certain instruments introduced to fill the doubt and give more life to the body known as Lex Mercatoria. This has come in the form of the UNIDROIT principles of International Commercial Contracts and the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL). However, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Sale of Goods (CISG) seems to have more legal weight than the UNIDROIT Principles or PECL which come in the form of soft law. However, in order to really understand analysis of the application of these important international instruments with regard to contract law is imperative. First, in addressing the CISG and its applicability it is important to understand the background as to how the CISG came to being. The CISG was a result of the limited success that was met by the Hague Convention and required several years of discussions between various states across the globe. The United Kingdom, however, is not a signatory to the CISG and this seems to be due to the insufficiency in public resources, fear or losing the edge that London holds in international litigation and arbitration and most importantly due to the fact that a number of influential organisations have been opposed to the UK being a signatory to the CISG. The application of the CISG is triggered by the requirement for diversifying international places of business for both buyers and sellers. Thus, to countries where the convention applies the place of incorporation is deemed irrelevant and will be governed by the CISG. The field of application of the CISG being in Article 1 which states that it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“applies to contracts for sale of goods between parties whose place of business are in different states[1]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  either due to states being contracting states[2] or by way of the fact that the rules of private international law lead them to the application of the law of a contracting state[3]. However, the second part of Article 1 has caused a bit of controversy due to the fact that as per Article 95 a state at time of ratification may declare that it will not be bound by Article 1(1)(b). This causes a difficult situation due to the fact that when one party has its place of business in a contracting state and the other partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s place of business is in a non-contracting state the rule of private international law may cause the domestic law of one country to apply on one hand and on the other the CISG instead of the domestic law of the other party. The essence of this Article is however to give significance to the CISG over domestic laws. Moreover, it is important to note that this issue will prevail only as long as there are a limited number of signatories to the CISG. With time and the extended harmonisation of the law by more members following the CISG, this problem will soon be a thing of the past. Article 10 of the CISG provides for multinational enterprises that have more than one place of business. As such either the place of business that has the closest relationship to the contract and its performance[4] or in an instance where a party does not have a place of business, a partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s habitual residence[5] may be taken into consideration. Furthermore, despite Article 1 dealing with fact that the CISG applies to the international sale of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; the convention fails to define the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"goodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢; instead Article 2 lists out goods that are excluded from the scope of the CISG. Moreover, the convention does not define the terms à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"buyerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sellerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ either. That being said about the CISG, the application of the UNIDROIT principles and PECL also needs to be taken into acco unt. The UNIDROIT principles were produced by a group of international scholars under the guidance of Professor Joachim Bonell and saw the first part of the UNIDROIT principles being published in 1994. The objective of the UNIDROIT principles was to summarize rule and practices relating to contracts that are common amongst the majority of legal systems across the globe in order to achieve harmonization. In this process, it has given more body to the Lex Mercatoria which throughout time has been criticized for being too vague and never giving a clear indication as to its contents. The UNIDROIT principles have also in the process proposed innovative solutions to satisfy the requirements of modern international trade. As such, the UNIDROIT Principles act as the framework or guideline within whose ambit international commercial contracts should be governed. Therefore, the UNIDROIT Principle will apply both in situations where parties have agreed to be governed by them as terms of the ir contract or in instances where parties agree for the contract to be governed by the general principles of the Lex Mercatoria. The PECL too has a similar history to that of the UNIDROIT principles and was first published in 1995. The PECL was published with the primary objective of making all EU public contracts bound by the PECL. It further provided for private parties also to expressly refer to and be bound by the PECL when entering into contracts. The application of the two principles is very similar in nature, despite the fact that the UNIDROIT principles apply international commercial contracts whereas the PECL applies to all types of contracts within the European Community. One other significant difference between the two is that the UNIDROIT Principles are applicable only for business to business (B2B) transactions whereas the PECL is applicable to business to consumer (B2C) transactions as well. Thus, as stated at the inception, unlike the CISG the UNIDROIT princi ples and the PECL are not legally operative instruments. Meaning they function more as soft law in comparison to the CISG which functions as hard law. As such, the PECL and UNIDROIT principles cannot be considered to be the governing laws of a contract, but rather can be incorporated into the terms of a contract. Moreover, when it comes to arbitration proceedings which function lex arbitri and parties are given the choice of selecting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rules of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ which do not necessarily form part of a national legal system an arbitration tribunal will be allowed to surpass domestic mandatory rules. However, it should be noted that rules applicable regardless of the governing law will continue to be in force. Both the UNIDROIT principles and the PECL as mentioned before have a lot in common. First and foremost these principles can be used to fill in lacunas that exist in the national law of countries. Moreover, it also acts as a guideline for national courts and legislature in performing their duties. An important feature of the UNIDROIT principles is that due to its international applicability it also acts as a guide to supplement and fill gaps in international conventions such as the CISG. One of the main objectives of the PECL was to strengthen the single European Market while providing a singular law to govern contracts. This was done with the view of facilitating cross-border transactions within Europe with less complication. Another important reason for designing the PECL was to bridge the gap between civil law and common law systems especially with regard to contract law. Thus, it seems clear that both the UNIDROIT principles and the PECL have been heavily influenced by the CISG. These Principles covers the entire gamut of contract law, from the start i.e. formation to performance including remedies for non performance as well. A common element that holds all three of these instruments together is the concept of good fait h and each instrument describes and deals with it in its own way. Article 1:201 of the PECL requires that parties act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing. Thus fraud and taking of unfair advantage have been stated as grounds for voiding a contract in order to ensure that parties act in good faith both prior to entering into the contract and throughout the performance up until the conclusion of the contract. This includes good faith during negotiations and even goes to the extent of not disclosing confidential information. Good faith in the PECL is considered a mandatory rule and goes a step further to qualify termination of a contract for trivial breach as contrary to good faith even though in reality it could be considered technically as non performance. However, the PECL does not specifically define the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“good faithà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The inclusion of the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"fair dealingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the PECL indicates that an objective test needs to be applied, and that will undoubtedly bring up in the least, some kind of honest but unreasonable behaviour. However, that does not mean that every failure to act in a reasonable manner would constitute a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The UNIDROIT Principles cover the requirement of good faith under Article 1.7 and while including the term fair dealings, goes a step further and maintains a broader aspect by adding the words à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"in international tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This is done in order to emphasise that the standards that are to be adhered to and applied are those that are followed internationally. The UNIDROIT principles also give the concept of good faith a relatively broad interpretation. An important thing to note in this instance is the once again both soft law principles being the PECL and the UNIDROIT principles deal with good faith similarly except for the fact that the PECL is limited to the European Community whereas t he UNIDROIT Principles apply internationally. The CISG also deals with the principle of good faith in Article 7(1)[6]. This specifically deals with the CISG being interpreted as a uniform international law text. Thus, as per Article 7(1), the CISG should be interpreted and applied in such a way that good faith is observed in international trade and that the spirit of it is promoted throughout the globe. The difference between good faith being applied in the CISG as opposed to the UNIDROIT Principles and the PECL is that the CISG does not contain an express requirement that an individual contract should abide by the maxim of good faith whereas the other principles do. BIBLIOGRAPHY LEGISLATION: EU Principles of European Contract Law 1999 and 2002 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts 2010 TEXTBOOKS Adams N.J, Atiyah P.S., Macqueen H, Atiyahà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Sale of Goods (12th Edition, Pearson Longman, 2010) Bradgate R, Commercial Law (3rd Ed, Oxford University Press, 2005) Goode R, Kronke H, McKendrick E, Wool J: Transnational Commercial Law (Part I, 2nd edn, OUP 2012) Richards P, Law of Contract (9th Ed, Pearson Longman, 2009) 1 [1] UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 1(1) [2]UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 1(1)(a) [3] UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 1(1)(b) [4] UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 10(a) [5] UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 10(b) [6] UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980, Article 7(1)

Neonatal Babies And Drug Addiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1544 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Drug Abuse Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Famous Hip-Hop artist and Disc Jockey, Louis Eric Barrier, sheds light on a topic that is haunting for America: drug addicted neonates. You know we are lost when babies are addicted to drugs when they are born, said Barrier. An increasingly dangerous epidemic that is dismissed or silenced by many concerns Americas growing dependence on and increased death rates from heroin and other deadly drugs. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Neonatal Babies And Drug Addiction" essay for you Create order While it is sad that many people are falling to drug addiction, its even more heartbreaking that many of these addictions are neonates, who have just entered the world. Unfortunately tens of thousands of babies are born with an addiction; it is up to the people of the world to educate themselves on the inimical effects on the quality life at birth and into the rest of their lives for substance addicted neonates. There have been alarming rises in the numbers of babies born with a drug addiction in the US in the past six years. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, there has been a five fold increase in babies born with an addiction between the years 2000 and 2012, and increasing even more into today. With the amount of noted neonates born with an addiction, this statistic would prove to be one baby born with an addiction about every 25-30 minutes in the United States alone. Any drug addiction is very harmful to fully matured bodies, but even more harmful to the smaller, underdeveloped organs caused by substance dependence. The drugs most neonates are addicted to when born are strong opioids like Oxycontin, Vicodin, and Heroin. In an online documentary, one nurse said There are cases in which the mother admits she just shot up in the parking lot before delivering. Addiction is a very hard disease to cope with. The part of the brain that tells you to speak, walk, and perform other natural actions is also the part of the brain that addiction is found in. Once addicted, it is very hard to counteract. Genes make up who we are. Sometimes, and unfortunately, our genes mutate. These mutations are likely to create a hereditary disease like Cystic Fibrosis, or Huntingtons disease. Studies are now showing that mutations in genes can mutate, and addiction can become hereditary. So, if a baby is born with an addiction, that can lead to them being addicted later on in life. Substance addicted babies face an extremely long road to recovery. Not only do they face a long physical recovery, but an emotional one as well. Thousands of babies have been abandoned in their hospital cribs by their parents unwilling or unable to take them home according to a draft report from the Department of Health and Human Services. Theyre the tiniest victims of crack cocaine, poverty, homelessness, and AIDS The first person a baby grows to love is the woman who is carrying them, or in this case, the woman who is killing them. Babies want their biological parents when they are born, and often are unable to get this kind of love. The love many substance addicted neonates receive is from are nurses, doctors, and hospital volunteers. Once they are out of the care of the hospital, what happens to them is mostly unknown. However, whilst in the care of the hospital, they are paid attention to, loved, and helped. Consumption of drugs and alcohol during pregnancy could result in a number of health issues. Some of these issues will be: low birth weight, premature labor, fetal death, and or miscarriage (Tatera). Newborns born addicted will almost always suffer symptoms of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). These symptoms can include: fever, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, jitteriness, and many more. Nick Martin of Sky News stated, The cries are a high pitched one and no consoling seems to help the baby milk and methadone go hand and hand. Many NAS babies will have a hospital stay about three times longer than other babies. Sadly, the first few weeks to months is only the beginning to a very long uphill battle. Once they move toward toddlerhood, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, a lot of behavioral and cognitive issues can resurface. While the neurological abnormalities may regulate, behavioral issues will become prominent in late adolescence, and early adulthood. Prenatal exposure to such a harmful drug can result in increased risk of seizures, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD, and Parkinsons disease. Heroin is one of the most deadly drugs, and is a huge epidemic right now. Sadly, a small percentage of heroin addicted babies end up living with their biological mother after five years. Neonates born with a heroin addiction are more likely to experience low birth weight, small head circumference, poor spatial recognition, poor memory, ADHD, and lower IQs. The quality of life for these babies are not only poor at birth, but also later in life. In the Sky News Documentary, a woman, who chose to have her identity unknown, is shown holding her hour old baby who has been born with an addiction to prescription painkillers. She sits rocking her very fussy, confused baby. In the video, she cries and explains the immense amount of guilt she feels. According to Nick Martin, head of the documentary, many mothers feel this way once they hold their baby. It is unfortunate, in most cases, that they begin to feel the guilt only after their baby is in the world and already facing withdrawals. In the documentary, it is also explained that many women become substance dependent again once they leave the hospital. This is a reality for many babies who are born into a family in which biological parents have an addiction; whether it be to narcotics, opioids, or alcohol. While many do not agree with the course of actions many of these mothers are taking, very little is being done to put an end to this issue. The Supreme Court has intervened i n a case for the politics of fetal rights. An issue in Ferguson v. City of Charleston is whether a public hospital violated the Constitution when it tests pregnant women for drug use and turns over positive results to the police without so much as obtaining a search warrant. In this particular case, many are concerned that this violates the Constitutional Rights of women. However, many forget that babies who are born with a drug addiction are forfeiting their Constitutional Rights because they are forced into something that they have zero control over. The babies will face a long life of medical, physical, cognitive, and behavioral issues. Turning a positive drug test result over to the police without the mothers consent does not forfeit Constitutional Rights, as a matter of fact, many people believe this is an appropriate route to take. Like previously stated, in the Sky News Documentary, a nurse states that many women admit I just shot up heroin before coming in to deliver. Another fear in this case is that women will not seek proper medical care if they are forced to take a drug test and positive results are turned over to the police. This fear however, is ludacris. Addiction is a disease that stems from a part of the brain that tells a person to perform daily activities, so it is hard to stop without help. Asking for help before it is too late is very possible though. Child abuse is defined as the physical maltreatment, or sexual molestation of a child. Knowingly addicting a baby to drugs is a form of physical maltreatment, but women are almost never convicted for anything after delivering a baby addicted to drugs. Tennessee is currently the only state with prenatal substance abuse in the law as a criminal act of child abuse and neglect. A good addition Tennessee has on top of this law is giving an option to women to either get state mandated rehab help, or serving jail time. While it is better for newborns and biological mothers to stick together, it is unfortunate that some would rather choose jail time. However, whether it be jail time or state mandated rehab, both give the mother time to get clean to return to her child. On top of Tennessees law, many other states have put an addition to their civil child welfare program that forces mothers to give up all parental rights when they deliver a substance addicted baby, because it is considered child abuse. Conclusion The topic of substance addicted babies is a tough pill to swallow. It is hard to believe that a person could hurt a precious miracle God given. Many women however fall into the pool of addiction like many others. Unfortunately, many women become pregnant as a means to receive drugs, which results in them using during the pregnancy and not really wanting the baby they are carrying. Just because some people are willing to care for a child, it doesnt mean that others are. Babies born addicted fall into a life of neglect unwillingly. It is in Americas best interest to continue putting up acts against mothers prenatally doing drugs to try and end this epidemic. Until then, it is up to people to stand up for these babies and try and change the laws to get justice for these tiny human beings.

Effectiveness of Different Leadership Styles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1561 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Table of Contents Executive report Introduction Rationale and objectives Background Methodology Analysis of the findings Conclusion Reference Works Cited Appendix Executive report This report is done to compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations, explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management, and evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations. The purpose, problems and objectives of the research are outlined in the introduction as well as background information on both businesses. A methodology that explicitly tells how the researcher will go about conducting the research- methods and so on is also included. The research begins here in section two; the findings are analyzed and discussed. The objectives are restated then they are discussed, analyzed and evaluated respectively. A conclusion is also drawn from the whole report mainly giving a reminder of the issues that exist. Harvard style referencing is used to cite where some of the information and knowledge are obtain. Finally, there is an appendix which consists of an organizational chart for CDR . Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effectiveness of Different Leadership Styles" essay for you Create order Introduction Rationale and objectives The importance of this research includes: Firstly, to afford the researcher the opportunity to assume major roles in leading a project. Secondly, allowing the researcher to assume management and administrative roles in order to attain knowledge, understanding and the skills of these areas. Third, to prepare and coordinate operational plans, display effective self-development and time management skills to satisfy an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s needs The objectives of the research are to: 2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organizations 2.2 Explain how organizational theory underpins the practice of management 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organizations Leadership Background Casa de Regalo is a nationwide partnership gift boutique established in 2009. It is located at Barbican Centre. They have ten dedicated and enthusiastic employees. Due to their unique tailor made products and services C.D.R is considered as the organization that satisfies seasonal giving needs. They specialize in a variety of unique merchandise ranging from specialty cards, flowers, toys and personalized printing services to specialty handcrafted gifts, jewelry, body essentials and customized apparel which are imported from your favorite places over the world. They also offer surprise delivery services. Providing exceptional customer service and customized products that are tailor-made to each customers personal style and also giving them the highest quality merchandises at an affordable price is our mission. We are aimed at making profit. KD consulting is a limited liability company established in 2008. It has twelve dedicated experts. We are a mobile company but our main offic e is located in Montego Bay. Our company provides a variety of services ranging from identify highest-value opportunities to addressing the most critical challenges and transforming enterprises. The trust and confidence in our capabilities that our clients are exposed to, is what differentiates us from other firms as well as our ability to enhance business performance, positively marketing them and ensuring their likelihood of making profit or achieving their goals. CDR is an international organization with the mission of providing expert advice and solutions for clients, therefore assisting small businesses to develop efficient plans for meeting their goals. Our aspiration strives through becoming the best consulting firm there is; providing quality service to all existing and start-up small businesses that seek our guidance. We also aim to be recognized as partner of choice by our clients and being technologically advanced in our fields of expertise while remaining practical and b usiness oriented. Methodology The research is to design a management firm which is hired to assess a small business on behalf of an investor to help the company to explore the links between the organisation structure and culture and how these interact and influence the behaviour of the workforce. In order to assist the company secondary research will be conducted. Secondary data collection is published information that is already available from other sources. The internet will be my main source with its online dictionaries, articles, websites and books. This information collected from the secondary sources is pertinent to the objectives of the research. The researcher also used this type due to the fact that it is Inexpensive, information is easily accessible and immediately available and it will provide essential background to help to clarify or refine the research problem. The information accumulated is credible and is derived from the written work of authoritative individuals such as Jatin Vaid. The research began on February 9th and proceeded to February 26th. Data was collected from several sources from the online sources in order to obtain information related to the United Kingdom (UK) and local business organizations. . Analysis of the findings Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture The structures There are three main types of structure. Product, matrix and functional Product Division Structure -These are popular among international companies with many products. Products that are similar are grouped under one product heading e.g. Perfumes and Cosmetics, each CEO focusing on a single product segment for its global market. Matrix Division Structure- This tries simultaneously to deal with competing pressures for global integration and local responsiveness. Institutes overlaps among functional and divisional forms. It allows individual groups to share responsibility for new operations and enables them to exchange resources and information more Group willingly. Disadvantages includes: not championing their groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ unique needs, therfore eliminate the multiple knowledge (Vaid, 2012). Functional Structure- Specialized jobs are grouped according to traditional business functions. It is suitable for Company with a narrow product line, shari ng similar technology. Highly efficient and assist in maximizing economies of scale The cultures Role Culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" focusses on rules, tasks, procedures and job descriptions Power Culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" power exercised by a one person with not much formal rules; Person Culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the organisation is present for its members to benefit of; Task/Mission Culture à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" goal based with rewards for achieving mission and goals; 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business Organizations are set up in specific ways to accomplish different goals, and the structure of an organization can help or hinder its progress toward accomplishing these goals. There are three main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure Culture consists of the shared values of an organization -the beliefs and norms that affect every aspect of work life, from how people greet each other to how major policy decisions are made Types of culture include: power culture, role culture, person culture and task culture. 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work The major factors that influence individual behavioral patterns, according to John Ivancevich and Michael Mattson are: demographic factors, ability and skills, perception, attitudes and personality. Demographic factors includes: race, age, sex, socio economic background, education and so on. The importance of studying demographic factors is to assist managers to choose the most fitting candidate for the specific job. Organizations rather persons belonging to a particular socio-economic background- well educated and young. They are believed to perform better than others. Skills and ability: skill according to Cambridge dictionaries is an ability to do an activity or job well especially because you have pra cticed it. Ability is the mental or physical power or skills needed to do something. Ability and skills highly influence individual behavior and performance. Persons tend to perform better in an organization if his skills and abilities are matched with the job. It is the managerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s job to match these skills and abilities off the employee to the job. Perception: a thought, belief, or opinion, often held by many people and based on appearances is referred to as perception (cambridge-dictionaries, n.d.). The study of perception is integral for managers as they need to provide a work environment that is favorable, so that the employees perceive them in most favorable way. If employees perceive it in a positive way they are more likely to perform better. Attitude: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An attitude is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbolsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ „ ¢ (Hogg, Vaughan 2005, p. 150).à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (McLeod, 2009). Attitude is influenced by family, society, culture, organizational factors and peers. Managers in an organization need to create suitable work environments therefore tempting employees to have positive attitudes towards their respective jobs. If employees have positive attitude toward the job they perform better. Personality: the study of individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving (American Psycological Association, n.d.). Factors that influence personality includes: heredity, family, society, culture and situation. Individuals tend to differ in manner while responding to the organizational environment. The most complex aspect of human beings can be regarded as personality. Conclusion Cultural influences and organisational structures can both inform and constrain the strategic development and ultimately the competitiveness of a business in order to maintain competitive advantage and avoid any strategic drift (where organisational factors and culture drive the business rather than the needs of customers and key stakeholders). Their impact should be considered regularly by leaders and senior managers and they should both be critically reviewed. Reference Works Cited cambridge-dictionaries, n.d. Ability. [Online] [Accessed February 2015]. McLeod, S., 2009. Home à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Social Psychology à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Attitudes. [Online] Available at: https://www.simplypsychology.org/attitudes.html [Accessed February 2015]. Vaid, J., 2012. Organization structure in international business. [Online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/jatinmaims/organization-structure-in-international-business [Accessed February 2015]. Appendix Chart showing organizational structure of Casa de Regalo .

Beowulf, The Great Warrior - 1074 Words

In the first speech, (pages 42-43; lines 260-285) Beowulf has just arrived on the beach of the Danes, King Hrothgar’s territory. An unnamed coastguard is obviously intimidated by the proportion, design, and occupants of Beowulf’s craft, yet he stops the warrior to ask his business and inquire after his heritage. Thus, the hero of Beowulf, the great warrior himself, introduces himself to the coastguard and in doing so, to the readers (or oral audiences of the time). Beowulf mentions his famous relatives, including that they are, â€Å"King Hygelac’s hearth-companions† and his, â€Å"noble father was known as Edgetheow, a front-fighter famous among nations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Longman 42; lines 261-263). Beowulf is careful in everything he mentions, whether regarding his lineage or Hrothgar, to point to the great deeds and heroism of them, rather than himself. The warrior certainly knows how to speak with reverence and eloquence to the watchman to gain himself an d his soldiers passage into Hrothgar’s hall, saying, â€Å"[i]t is with loyal and true intention that we come to seek you lord the son of Healfdene, guardian of the people† (Longman 42; lines 267-268). Beowulf continues on the acknowledge King Hrothgar’s power and flatter the coastguard’s master mentioning they have a, â€Å"great errand to the glorious hero, the Shepherd of the Danes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Longman 42-43; lines 270-271). Beowulf upholds an incredibly distinguished bearing, maintaining composure and properly addressing the watchman along with providing theShow MoreRelatedAchilles vs Beowulf compare and contrast Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesAchilles vs Beowulf The way of the warriors Achilles and Beowulf were two characters that had an amazing power that made his name lives for hundreds of years. 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As common as this syndrome is todayRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreBeowulf And Viking Qualities During The Medieval Times1224 Words   |  5 Pages Beowulf and Viking qualities During the medieval times Vikings were known as warriors or heroes. These heroes were known mostly for their superhuman strength. Most stories tell the journey of these warriors and how they are honored after defeating an evil creature. 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Being a warrior had a worthwhile life, they spent their time shining armor, readying their sword and intimidating the other warriors. Being an Anglo- Saxon warrior was gratifying life because warriors got fame, glory, recognition, and treasure. The younger boys looked up to either their father that was a warrior or another warrior. They idolized theseRead MoreThe Battle Between Grendel And Beowulf1133 Words   |  5 Pagesthe first quality of a warrior.† In a culture where being a warrior is a very integral part of everyday lives, having courage is a key component of social survival. To have courage means to be able to defend a kingdom by every means possible. It means protecting and ascertaining the wellbeing of the people within one’s own kingdom. And above all, courage means remaining loyal to one’s king, regardless of the circumstance. This is the warrior culture that Beowulf in Beowulf was a part of successfully

Discrimination and Stereotyping of Japanese-Americans Essay

With the attacks on the United States by terrorists, many Americans have been experiencing feelings of fear, sadness and tremendous anger. Many of Middle-Eastern descent have been experiencing great prejudice and discrimination and are being stereotyped as terrorists. These types of feelings are very prevalent in American society today. Similarly, though not widely as discussed, Japanese-Americans have felt these feelings directed toward them for several generations. Going from the extreme of being herded to internment camps after the surprise attack of Pearl Harbor, to the more commonplace, being stereotyped in the entertainment industry and internet sites, prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping have been apart of the lives of†¦show more content†¦This can be seen as an act of discrimination because rather than taking individuals and trying them on espionage, the American government convicted an entire race, without trial and with evidence to the contrary. The treatment of the Japanese Americans who were sent to the internment camps was solely based on race and not on an individual’s personal actions (â€Å"Japanese Internment†). The prejudice of the American government is also apparent. Over 120,000 people were sent to internment camps without evidence against them. The very definition of prejudice according to dictionary.com is â€Å"an adverse judgment or opinion formed beforehand or without knowledge or examination of the facts† (â€Å"Prejudice†). The information gathered that led up this action was ignored, and the American government simply formed the opinion that the Japanese Americans along the West Coast would revolt and that the safety of the natural born United States citizens was more important then the liberties and the lives of more than 120,000 â€Å"foreigners.† This act will forever be remembered as one of the most discriminatory and prejudicial acts in modern American history. A country founded on the principle that every man is created equal and that liberty is something that someone should die for, found itself contradicting its own teachings, and unable to control its own paranoia and feelings of mistrust. War, fear andShow MoreRelatedStereotyping of Asian American Youth: The Effects on Performance in Academics846 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout American history, the United States has been a cauldron where different diversities mix and mingle. In this hot pot of diversity, all of the ingredients (ethnicities) will not always conform to one and other; this could possibly lead to discrimination. This paper will be primarily focus on the discrimination towards Asian American youth of the 21st century and how it affects their academics. 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In Guterson s novel Snow Falling on Cedars, Carol Geddes’ essay â€Å"Growing Up Nat ive,† and modern society, this poor treatment can result in a division between the ethnic groupsRead MoreDiscrimination On International Students Resulting From Ethnic Stereotypes969 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination on international Students resulting from ethnic stereotypes. The United States of America in the eyes of the world is a place full of dreams, full of hope and a place where civil liberties are being uphold. People of all different background, different social and financial status flock to America for various reason. Some people come to America to escape religious and political persecutions; some come to escape the horrors of war; some come to find a better life for their family; andRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Model Minority Stereotype1676 Words   |  7 Pages Despite or perhaps due to being a relatively small population, Asian Americans are not exempt from stereotyping. 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Immigration Is Unnecessary And Not Ethical - 1811 Words

2008 almost 38 million people in America were foreign born. That was roughly 12.5% of all Americans at that time (â€Å"Emigration and Immigration†). If all the people that are descendants of immigrants are added to that, the number gets a whole lot bigger. Do immigrants help or ruin our society and culture? Should immigration be allowed? The debate has raged on for hundreds of years, and it will likely go on forever. Immigration is when a person comes into a new country and settles there. Not only do immigrants cause taxes to rise, they also threaten public safety and occupy jobs that Americans need to survive, leading to the conclusion that immigration is unnecessary and not ethical. Immigration has a big history and background because it has been going on for a really long time, and in lots of countries. Immigration has been in America as early as the 19th century, and it is still around today. There are lots of good things, bad things, causes, and effects of immigration. 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Emergency Room Operation free essay sample

In other words, the ER’s primary target group of patients is those with a sudden and unexpected need for medical services and attentions at any given time. In general, the ER must be able to provide initial diagnosis and treatment for a broad range of illnesses and injuries, some of which are more crucial than others and may require greater and immediate care. Hence, ER patients can be generally classified into two categories, which we define to be ‘light’ patients and ‘emergency’ patients. There is the issue that emergency patients should be placed under a greater priority to medical services and attention as compared to ordinary patients, who are less severely injured or ill. Given that patient arrivals follow a Poisson distribution (randomly), in order to cater to irregular service demand, the ER generally operates 24 hours around the clock comprising of both day-shift duties and night-shift duties, usually with a variable staffing level to mirror general patient volume. Therefore, due to the critical nature of the ER’s services whereby timeliness and efficiency are of utmost importance, there are various service protocols such as effective situational queuing models that the department must follow to fairly determine and allocate service priorities to each different patient to ensure that they receive the necessary timely medical attention. 2. 0 Problem Recognition The Revision of Emergency Duty Law 2. 1 Rationale for the revision of Emergency Duty Law In August 5th 2012, the Ministry of Health and Welfare had revised the Emergency Duty Law governing emergency rooms in the hospitals. Before the revision, the emergency room generally employed the help of residents. However, the main intent of the revision of the revision of the law is to ensure that every emergency room should have at least 1 specialist and 5 nurses on night duty. After the revision, on-duty residents now first assesses the patients, and if the patients are unable to be treated properly by the residents, they are subsequently assessed by the on-duty specialist, taking over what was usually the job of a senior resident before the law revision. It is a requirement that the names of the on-duty specialist must be posted publicly. In addition, it is also required that even the specialists who are not on night duty must assume duty if the on-duty resident requests for it (on-call). Potential suspension of license or penalty will be imposed under violation of this law. 2. 2 The Problem Two bottlenecks have been identified to appear after the emergency duty law revision. The first bottleneck appeared at the stage of assessment by duty residents because of the publicly posted name list of the on-duty specialist. Many light patients have a tendency to visit emergency room during the night because they don’t want to use their day hours. As previously mentioned, light patients require less urgent medical attention, so they are able to spend time to consider and be selective of the on-duty specialists when they go to the emergency room. This behavior reflects the patients’ preference of choice of doctors. This resulted in an excess number of light patients seeking medical treatments on particular days, causing the first bottleneck. The second bottleneck is caused by a shortage of specialists. On-duty residents who take first examination may have a tendency to avoid difficult patients. Therefore, on-duty residents impute a heavier responsibility to on-duty specialists. Before the revision, there were three stages for treatment, but now, there are only two stages. In this case, night duty specialists who take second examinations will have to assess a large amount of patients. It is difficult to meet the required the number of duty specialists in small hospital. In Korea, most of the big main hospitals are located in the big city. In small cities or towns, there are only small hospitals. It is an issue that small hospitals often do not have enough on-duty specialists, so they have to close their emergency room. This results in the emergency patients who are in need of immediate medical attention from the small cities or towns seeking treatment from big city hospitals. This poses a critical problem whereby it takes a certain amount of precious time to shift to a big city hospital. In the case of very urgent emergency patients in small cities, it can be life threatening. 2. 3 Example In ‘ ’ which is very famous in Korea, they broadcasted an accident which was caused by the revision of the emergency duty law. Because of the new law, in Eusung in Kyong-buk, there was no emergency room. If there are emergency patients, they had to move to Andong or Sangju, which takes about 30 minutes to an hour. Evidently, Eusung covers a very large area, two times bigger than that of Seoul. In this traffic accident in Eusung, there was an old married couple that was severely hurt, but was unable to obtain medical treatment in Eusung, hence proceded to seek treatment in Andong. The journey to Andong took about 30 minutes itself, and after they finally arrived at emergency room, the woman had unfortunately passed away. 3. 0 Analysis for a Service Blueprint of ER When a patient first enters the ER, a triage is performed, whereby priorities for action in an emergency are determined. After the patient is categorized according to the seriousness of his or her illness or injury, he or she sees a doctor for the first time. Because it is mandatory for all patients to undergo registration for treatment, the patient goes to reception area and pays a fee for the medical examination. Then the patient goes through the necessary X-ray, CT, or blood tests for proper inspection. After the whole test inspection is finished, an on-duty resident in charge of diagnosis in the ER diagnoses the patient’s case. Since the resident is a non-specialist doctor, he or she sometimes meets difficulty in accurate medical diagnosis. Before the revision of emergency duty law, the on-duty resident hands over the case to more experienced senior residents. When the patient is still unable to be adequately treated by the senior residents, the on-duty specialist then has a responsibility to treat the patient. However, as the revision of emergency duty law came into effect, the on-duty resident now hands over the case directly to an on-duty specialist. The on-duty specialist resolves the problem and promptly sends the patient to the nurses for allocation of a hospital room. The patient will then be hospitalized for a few days. After the emergency duty law revision, the on-duty specialist suffers an increased amount of workload because there is no involvement of senior residents in ER process. What is depicted is a condensed case of ER process. The chart below records the waiting time and lead-time of each ER process as well as net average of those processes. Process| Average Waiting Headcount| Average Waiting Time| Net Average Waiting Time| Net Average Lead Time| Triage| 0. 3| 6. 25| 3. 837| 5. 254| Exam| 1. 06| 8. 46| | | Reg/Pay| 4. 02| 14. 37| | | X-ray| 6. 13| 77. 07| | | CT| 0. 98| 31. 91| | | Blood test| 0. 87| 11. 69| | | Diagnosis| 5. 61| 32. 40| | | Cooperative treatment| 2. 26| 60. 11| | | Room allocation| 4. 19| 86. 82| | | Preparation for Hospitalization| 3. 29| 77. 01| | | Reference: (2010, ) 3. 1 Blueprint of ER- Before the Revision Figure I: Blueprint of ER- Before the Revision This is a blueprint of ER before the emergency duty law revision. As you can see in the case above, the maximum number of assessment stages a patient can go through is three. They are a series of assessments done by on-duty residents, senior residents and on-duty specialists. 3. 2 Blueprint of ER- After the Revision B B A A Patients come Assessed by duty residents Triage X-ray CT Blood check Assessed by duty specialist Being treated and prescribing medicine Go home or hospitalization Diagnosis assistance Diagnosis Procedure Untreatable Treatable Patients come Assessed by duty residents Triage X-ray CT Blood check Assessed by duty specialist Being treated and prescribing medicine Go home or hospitalization Diagnosis assistance Diagnosis Procedure Untreatable Treatable Figure II: Blueprint of ER- After the Revision This is a modified blueprint after the revision. Out of the three assessment stages, second assessment by senior residents was eliminated. When an on-duty resident is unable to treat his or her patients, the on-duty specialist in then directly in charge of the treatment. For that reason, the responsibility of a duty specialist is greatly increased in ER process. Postponement of his or her performance also means that the residual processes will be also delayed. 3. 3 Bottleneck Analysis As you can see on the blueprint, after the law revision, two bottlenecks had appeared. Under the revised law, the most remarkable transition of ER system is the elimination of the senior residents’ examinations, which was a stage that had existed between that of the on-duty residents and specialists. Source: Healthcare Process Patterns with Triage in the Emergency Department (2009, KORMS) The first bottleneck spot is shown at point ‘A’ on ‘Figure II: Blueprint of ER- After the Revision’. At this stage, many lightly injured/sick people are coming to the ER in the night. Even though these patients are lightly injured, on-duty residents have the duty to medically examine them no matter the varying degree of medical need. This is the first step of the ER rule. However, in comparison to the unrevised law, patients then could be sent to senior residents directly. However, there are now no senior residents on duty anymore under the revised law. Thus, duty residents have the responsibility to attend to all of patients that enter the ER at the same time. Moreover, the theory of FIFO (First In, First Out) is not applicable in the ER because different patients have varying degree of medical attention needs, whereby the emergency patients should be given priority treatment. This results in a more complex queuing situation whereby there can be no confirmed estimated queue time for that of light patients. The second bottleneck occurs at the on-duty specialists’ medical examinations. This is also due to the elimination of senior residents. The bottleneck is shown as point ‘B’ in Figure II. After the first examination, should the on-duty resident be unable to treat the patients, they are sent to the on-duty specialist under the revised law. It has been identified that the service quality can also pose a problem. Certain departments, such as obstetrics, often do not have enough specialists even during the day shifts. Because at least one specialist of each department should be on night duty, these departmental specialists’ night shift duty are of higher frequency as compared to that of specialists of other bigger departments. In small institutions, there are less than 2 specialists, which suggests high difficulty in allocating night duty shifts. It results in crowding of patients whereby the service demand outweighs that of service supply. This scheduling problem also leads to low quality of medical examinations during both day shifts and night shifts. In addition, it was previously mentioned that on-duty residents have strong tendency to transfer the patients to on-duty specialists. This is because the on-duty residents are generally unwilling to assume full responsibility should diagnosis go wrong with patients should they do not seek assistance from the more experienced specialists on duty. What is worse is that it is very difficult for small hospitals to hire more specialists who are willing to take night duty shifts. . 0 Solution Since the new duty law on ER has changed the service operation model dramatically, we need to find out the queuing duration for the previous service operations, current service operations under the new duty law and a few of our further suggestions. It is straightforward to develop a queuing model based on the equations such as M/M/1 of M/M/S. However since the basic characteristic of ER d oesn’t allow usage of the theory FIFO (First In, First Out) because of varying degrees of patient need and priority, we cannot apply a basic equation queuing model. Instead, we would use a simulation model (Extend ver. 4) FIFO that has a priority consideration function. 4. 1 Past Service Operation (Before the Emergency Duty Law Revision) Suppose each patient arrives every 4 minutes. (360 person / day) Given that the patient arrival follows an exponential distribution. Patients are categorized into 5 categories. Category 1 refers to very urgent patients, and category 5 to very light patients. Probability of each category is shown on the left picture. On-duty residents and senior residents take 5 minutes to examine the patients. And on-duty specialists take 10 minutes to examine one. We assume that all the patients just go through the duty residents to the more experienced specialists. The reason for this assumption is that many of the Korean patients do want to seek further medical treatment from the on-duty residents to that from the on-duty specialists because residents are often perceived to be less experienced and capable in comparison to the senior residents and specialists. In addition, on-duty residents have strong tendency to transfer patients to senior residents to lessen responsibility and burden. Furthermore, we assume that only 20% of the patients are sent to on-duty specialists because there are many senior residents who are sufficiently skilled. In reality, most examination processes end with medical assessment and treatment from the senior residents. Overall result of this modeling is shown below. Y axis = number of served patients X axis = time (1440 minutes = 1 day) 4. 2 Current Service Operation (After the Emergency Duty Law Revision) After the revision of the night duty law, on-duty specialists must take the second examination. There is no role for the senior residents in the examination process. All the patients go through on-duty residents and specialist to exit. Every input data in the model is same as previous one. Overall result is shown below. We can see that number of served patients had decreased dramatically after the law revision. Also, the overall queue duration had becomes longer compared to the prior one. 4. 3 Solution 1- Increasing the Number of Servers To overcome the illustrated situation after the law revision, we simply double the number of on-duty specialists. The rest of the input data still remains unchanged. Evident from the results, as a result of doubling the specialists, the number of served patients has recovered up to that of first model. Also, queue duration and volatility have improved. 4. 4 Solution 2 Adopting CP (Clinical Pathway) Before explaining the model, let us explain what the ‘CP’ is. The definition of CP is shown below. â€Å"Clinical pathways, also known as care pathways, critical pathways, integrated care pathways, or care maps, are one of the main tools used to manage the quality in healthcare concerning the standardization of care processes. It has been shown that their implementation reduces the variability in clinical practice and improves outcomes. Clinical pathways promote organized and efficient patient care based on evidence-based practice. Clinical pathways optimize outcomes in the acute care and home care settings. † (Source: Wikipedia) The table above is the example of CP for acute stroke. According to the research from Korean society of nursing science, examination time was reduced from average 74. 07 minutes to 19. 27 minutes. It is more than a 73% decrease. However, this figure is specific to the example of acute stroke, so we cannot be sure that other illnesses apply the same effect when adopting CP. Therefore, we adjust the examination time by only 20%. Now, duty residents and specialists only need 4 minutes and 8 minutes respectively. Previously, they needed 5 and 10 minutes each. The result is shown below. After adopting CP, the number of served patients was increased by 25%. Also, queue duration had dramatically reduced. 5. 0 Conclusion We had established that there were bottleneck problems because of the new law imposed in the ER. To handle this problem we suggested 2 possible solutions. The result of each situation is summarized in the table below. | Mean Number of Patients Being Served | Mean Maximum Queue Duration| Before Law Revision| 287| 68. 4| After Law Revision| 143| 76. 9| Doubling The Number of Specialists| 280| 68. 5| Adopting CP (reducing examination time by 20%)| 179| 21. 6| To generate the mean of each variable, we ran the simulation for 10 times each. There were clear improvements after implementing the solutions. Both the number of served patients and the maximum queue length had improved significantly. In terms of number of patients, doubling the specialists is the best way to enhance efficiency. However in reality, hiring more specialists is sometimes impossible for many hospitals. There is shortage of specialists as well as financial distress in hospital management. Therefore, adopting the solution of CP might be a better option. Although developing CP may need a lot of time and effort, once it is developed, it does not incur more costs. In addition, hospitals are able to co-operate with each other, so they can reduce initial cost for developing specific CP. Moreover, CP could bring greater impact than increasing the number of staffs in the long run. For example, as we mentioned above, the effect of CP for acute stroke is 73% decrease in examination time. To summarize, increasing the number of doctors is the simplest and most effective solution. Adopting the CP will be the second best solution. And the most desirable action to take is adopting CP and hiring more doctors at the same time. If it is not feasible, each hospital should consider its own situation and select its own appropriate solution.